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英文文献：Alternative Compensation Schemes in Large Scale Investments in Agricultural Land-农业用地大规模投资的替代补偿方案
英文文献作者：Felician Komu
英文文献摘要：
Purpose: Over the last decade, there has been a general outcry on the loss of livelihood by communities through land acquisition schemes to accommodate large scale farming in Africa. Interventions by the African Union through Declaration on Land Issues and Challenges in July 2009 – the LSLBI and the FAO Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of the Tenure of Land, Forests and Fisheries (VGGT) have addressed this to a very great extent. Notwithstanding these interventions, local communities continue to be insufficiently compensated, under-consulted, and left with their livelihoods threatened. The basic question as to who is to improve land governance in LSLBI remains unanswered and, it is intriguing to establish whether the VGGT are sufficiently understood and operational.Methodology: through documentary and government policy reviews, the study evaluated three projects in the Coast and Kigoma regions of Tanzania.Findings: It is clear where local communities were directly consulted; there was consensus on how to address the livelihood issue and the project objectives were more likely to be achieved. Local communities were more readily to adapt to a new arrangement if offered some ownership rights in the subsequent investors’ project than monetary compensation.Research limitations the studied projects had been stalled on account of hostile communities and political interventions in the past. They nevertheless present a good case for understanding the underlying factors that may hinder large scale agricultural investment in countries such as Tanzania.Practi al implication Monetary compensation for land to be acquired has been a source of disputes for too long. An alternative scheme such as equity participation in a new venture assures continued rights and food security.Value of Work: A framework for improving FAO Guidelines and customizing them for the African local conditions is given. Besides, the land assessment and compensation problem has been addressed.
目的:在过去的十年中，人们普遍对非洲社区通过征地计划来容纳大规模农业而失去生计表示强烈抗议。2009年7月，非洲联盟通过《关于土地问题和挑战的宣言》(LSLBI)和粮农组织《土地、森林和渔业使用权负责任管理自愿准则》(VGGT)进行的干预，在很大程度上解决了这一问题。尽管采取了这些干预措施，但当地社区仍然得不到充分的补偿，咨询不足，生计受到威胁。关于谁来改善LSLBI的土地管理的基本问题仍然没有答案，而确定VGGT是否被充分理解和运行是很有趣的。方法:通过文件和政府政策审查，研究评估了坦桑尼亚沿海和基戈马地区的三个项目。调查结果:很明显直接咨询了当地社区;就如何解决民生问题达成共识，项目目标更有可能实现。如果在随后的投资者项目中给予一些所有权，而不是金钱补偿，当地社区更容易适应新的安排。由于过去的敌对社区和政治干预，已研究的项目一直陷于停顿。然而，它们为理解可能阻碍在坦桑尼亚等国进行大规模农业投资的潜在因素提供了一个很好的案例。长期以来，对征用土地的货币补偿一直是争议的一个根源。另一种方案，例如入股新企业，确保了持续的权利和粮食安全。工作价值:提出了改进粮农组织准则和根据非洲当地条件定制准则的框架。此外，还解决了土地评估和补偿问题。
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