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An agency, in general terms, is the relationship between two parties, where one is a principal and the other is an agent who represents the principal in transactions with a third party. Agency relationships occur when the principals hire the agent to perform a service on the principals' behalf. Principals commonly delegate decision-making authority to the agents. Agency problems can arise because of inefficiencies and incomplete information. In finance, two important agency relationships are those between stockholders and managers, and stockholders and creditors.Agency theory is a supposition that explains the relationship between principals and agents in business. There are two important assumptions, first is that individuals act in their own best self-interest, which may, at times, conflict with the enterprise’s best interests. Another important assumption of agency theory is that the enterprise is the locus or intersection point for many contractual-type relationships that exist among
management, owners, creditors, and government. As a result, agency theory is concerned with the various costs of monitoring and enforcing relations among these various groups; that is, between principals (such as shareholders) and agents of the principals (for example, company executives). The two problems that agency theory addresses are: 1.) the problems that arise when the desires or goals of the principal and agent are in conflict, and the principal is unable to verify (because it difficult and/or expensive to do so) what the agent is actually doing; and 2.) the problems that arise when the principal and agent have different attitudes towards risk. Because of different risk tolerances, the principal and agent may each be inclined to take different actions.
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