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雷达卡
Suppose you are asked to describe an individual. You probably list age, sex, marital
status, presence of children and number of children, main occupation, education
level, ethnicity, place of residence, place of work, main source of income, religious
denomination and some lifestyle features. You probably add years of major transitions:
when the person graduated from school, got married, entered the current job
and moved to the current address. If the person has children, you may add the name,
age and sex of each child. When you are asked to describe a population, you may
mention size, age structure, distribution by level of education, employment status,
marital status and health status. It describes the population at a point in time. If
asked to describe population change, you may mention changes in size and distribution.
Population change is an outcome of changes in people’s lifestyle and life
course. An ageing population is a result of people having fewer children and living
longer. A declining married proportion is an outcome of fewer people marrying,
postponement of marriage and marriages being less stable. Fewer marriages may be
linked to changes in the meaning of the institution of marriage. An increase in the
proportion of unemployment is an outcome of more people losing their job and/or
decreased likelihood of finding a job when unemployed, resulting in longer unemployment
spells. The description of population change in terms of changing lives is
referred to as the biographical method. The method emphasizes personal attributes,
life events and life histories.
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