诺斯在他的海洋运输生产率的文章中，有如下一段：
Since ocean shipping during 1600-1860 was a highly competitive industry and on the industry level exhibited those features characteristic of constant costs, the average freight rate would have tended to equal the cost per payload ton.6 Consequently, the index of total factor productivity can be written as：
A = Pi /C
where A is total factor productivity, Pi is an index of input prices, and c is the freight rate index.
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