【latex版】水贴

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2014
Jean Tirole
"for his analysis of market power and regulation"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2013
Eugene F. Fama, Lars Peter Hansen and Robert J. Shiller
"for their empirical analysis of asset prices"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2012
Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd S. Shapley
"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2011
Thomas J. Sargent and Christopher A. Sims
"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2010
Peter A. Diamond, Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides
"for their analysis of markets with search frictions"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009
Elinor Ostrom
"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"

Oliver E. Williamson
"for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2008
Paul Krugman
"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2007
Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin and Roger B. Myerson
"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2006
Edmund S. Phelps
"for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2005
Robert J. Aumann and Thomas C. Schelling
"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2004
Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott
"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2003
Robert F. Engle III
"for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"

Clive W.J. Granger
"for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002
Daniel Kahneman
"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"

Vernon L. Smith
"for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2001
George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence and Joseph E. Stiglitz
"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2000
James J. Heckman
"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples"

第一百四十六条 有下列情形之一的，不得担任公司的董事、监事、高级管理人员：

1、无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力;

2、因贪污、贿赂、侵占财产、挪用财产或者破坏社会主义市场经济秩序，被判处刑罚，执行期满未逾五年，或者因犯罪被剥夺政治权利，执行期满未逾五年;

3、担任破产清算的公司、企业的董事或者厂长、经理，对该公司、企业的破产负有个人责任的，自该公司、企业破产清算完结之日起未逾三年;

4、担任因违法被吊销营业执照、责令关闭的公司、企业的法定代表人，并负有个人责任的，自该公司、企业被吊销营业执照之日起未逾三年;

5、个人所负数额较大的债务到期未清偿。

(1)医师多点执业

根据卫生部《关于医师多点执业有关问题的通知》(卫医政发〔2009〕86号)规定，医师原则上应当在同一省、自治区、直辖市内执业，地点不超过3个。

(2)医师外出会诊

原卫生部于2005年4月30日下发《医师外出会诊管理暂行规定》(中华人民共和国卫生部令第42号)规定，医师经所在医疗机构批准，为其他医疗机构特定的患者开展执业范围内的诊疗活动。

邀请会诊的医疗机构(以下称邀请医疗机构)拟邀请其他医疗机构(以下称会诊医疗机构)的医师会诊，需向会诊医疗机构发出书面会诊邀请函。内容应当包括拟会诊患者病历摘要、拟邀请医师或者邀请医师的专业及技术职务任职资格、会诊的目的、理由、时间和费用等情况，并加盖邀请医疗机构公章。用电话或者电子邮件等方式提出会诊邀请的，应当及时补办书面手续。

根据原卫生部于2005年4月30日下发的《医师外出会诊管理暂行规定》(中华人民共和国卫生部令第42号)规定，1、医师经所在医疗机构批准，为其他医疗机构特定的患者开展执业范围内的诊疗活动。医师未经所在医疗机构批准，不得擅自外出会诊。2、邀请医疗机构支付会诊费用应当统一支付给会诊医疗机构，不得支付给会诊医师本人。会诊医疗机构由于会诊产生的收入，应纳入单位财务部门统一核算。3、会诊医疗机构应当按照有关规定给付会诊医师合理报酬。医师在外出会诊时不得违反规定接受邀请医疗机构报酬，不得收受或者索要患者及其家属的钱物，不得牟取其他不正当利益。

二、尝试的解决方案：多点执业+会诊+独立经营资质

在主体医院旁边新设立一家医疗机构，一般是二级医院，作为医生第二职业单位。医生集团和投资者参股这家新的医疗机构，出诊也以这家机构的名义进行。避免被认作科室承包。采用类似律师行业的有限合伙制，对加盟医生进行激励。

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We provide a framework for participatory research processes to overcome the increasing science–policy gap.
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This framework allows establishing an effective science–policy interface despite high complexity and contested values.
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We also provide a monitoring and evaluation approach that accompanies this framework.
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We provide selected results from implementing the ChaRL framework in the Mekong region.

The aging of the Chinese population and the cost of health care

It is projected that by 2050 China could have a staggering 115 million elderly citizens over 80 years old. Serious planning is needed to cope with this demand. This is the direct and inevitable result of the one-child policy that came into effect in 1979, as an independent policy to the Comprehensive Economic Reform; but the complementary nature is unmistakable.

In accordance with the objective of this special issue of the Social Science Journal, the modest objective of this paper presents a brief history of the health care reform which really only began in 2002. We borrow from a major pilot study (the CHARLS data set) to provide quantitative measures of the cost of medical insurance. CHARLS samples two provinces, the inland poorer Gangsu and the coastal prosperous Zhejiang. The premium was 13 and 27 Yuan for the rural populations Gansu and Zhejiang. For the urban population, the premium was 289 versus 337 for men versus women in urban Gansu. But for the urban areas of Zhejiang, the pattern is radically different; 324.3 Yuan for women and a much higher 608 Yuan for men.

Urban residents have always enjoyed better health care. With the support of the central government, 90% of rural population now received some form of basic health coverage. The issue is the reimbursement rate. For outpatient care, the reimbursement rates max out at under 40% and 32% for the urban and rural patients, respectively. This is certainly not enough to cover catastrophic illness, and that is why many Chinese feel they are just one major illness away from utter poverty. Outpatient care is even worse. The reimbursement rates average around only 10%. As Chinese statistics on full medical cost (especially for the elderly) is lacking, we utilize statistics from Taiwan and try to estimate the health care cost of the aging population.

We discuss potential issues observed in the Taiwan experience, and proposed an incentive scheme, Self-Motivated Health Maintenance (SMHM), to deal with moral hazards and to reduce the overall health care cost. We believe the SMHM is a win–win–win solution. China has the possibility of building this into their health insurance.

► Due to the one-child policy, China is facing severe aging trends with a projected 115 million population of 80+ years old by 2050. ► Health care reform has made significant strides since 2002, but is more aimed at acute disease rather than chronic illness with plagues the elderly. ► Tying several sources together, we project what the health care cost for the elderly would be and show a tremendous economic burden. ► To control cost and reduce the moral hazard issue, a “Self-interest Motivated Health Maintenance” strategy is proposed.