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In my previous article, we talked about implementations of linear regression models in R, Python and SAS. On the theoretical sides, however, I briefly mentioned the estimation procedure for the parameter $\boldsymbol{beta}$. So to help us understand how software does the estimation procedure, we’ll look at the mathematics behind it. We will also perform the estimation manually in R and in Python, that means we’re not gonna use any special packages, this will help us appreciate the theory.
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