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<P>Contents<BR>F oreword.....................................................................................................................xi<BR>A cknowledgements................................................................................................xii<BR>A bbreviations.......................................................................................................... xiii<BR>Executive summary.............................................................................................. xvii<BR>Rapid growth in energy consumption..............................................................................xvii<BR>Renewable energy and climate change......................................................................... xviii<BR>The potential for trade.......................................................................................................... xviii<BR>Investment and finance..........................................................................................................xix<BR>Innovation and competitiveness.........................................................................................xix<BR>Regional and subregional cooperation.............................................................................xix<BR>Chapter 1 Energy and sustainable development.................................................1<BR>Structure of this theme study..................................................................................................4<BR>Energy security and the Millennium Development Goals.............................................5<BR>Fuelling economic growth........................................................................................................6<BR>Energy and social development............................................................................................11<BR>Environmental sustainability................................................................................................ ..15<BR>Climate change.......................................................................................................................... 19<BR>Chapter 2 Available energy res ources , supply and demand......................... 25<BR>Energy availability.....................................................................................................................27<BR>Energy production.................................................................................................................... 37<BR>Supply and consumption....................................................................................................... 52<BR>Trade in energy.......................................................................................................................... 55<BR>Total final consumption.......................................................................................................... 62<BR>Final energy mix......................................................................................................................... 64<BR>Sectoral consumption.............................................................................................................. 65<BR>End-use energy efficiency...................................................................................................... 66<BR>Conclusions................................................................................................................................ 74<BR>Chapter 3 Financing for energy infrastructure development<BR>and inves tment nee ds............................................................................. 77<BR>Methodology............................................................................................................................. 80<BR>Demand outlook—baseline scenario................................................................................ 81<BR>Demand outlook—sustainable energy scenario........................................................... 86<BR>Energy infrastructure expansion—baseline scenario.................................................. 89<BR>Baseline scenario investment needs.................................................................................. 93<BR>Sustainable energy scenario investment needs............................................................. 99<BR>Energy markets........................................................................................................................103<BR>Sources of finance for energy infrastructure.................................................................104<BR>Financial institutions..............................................................................................................107<BR>Financing mechanisms..........................................................................................................109<BR>Financing channels.................................................................................................................110<BR>Establishing a regional capital investment fund..........................................................118<BR>Conclusion................................................................................................................................123<BR>Chapter 4 Policies and institutional mechanisms.......................................... 125<BR>National energy policy..........................................................................................................128<BR>Strategic oil reserves..............................................................................................................129<BR>Policies for improving energy efficiency.........................................................................130<BR>Policies to support renewable energy.............................................................................134<BR>The Institutional setting........................................................................................................139<BR>International, regional and subregional policies.........................................................140<BR>Regional organizations..........................................................................................................145<BR>Subregional organizations...................................................................................................147<BR>Conclusion................................................................................................................................148<BR>chapter 5 Energy trade and transboundary energy cooperation......... 149<BR>Energy trading regimes.........................................................................................................154<BR>A trans-Asian energy system...............................................................................................155<BR>South-South cooperation.....................................................................................................159<BR>Conclusion................................................................................................................................162<BR>chapter 6 Innovation and competitiveness ....................................................... 163<BR>Clean energy technologies..................................................................................................165<BR>Biofuels.......................................................................................................................................168<BR>Nuclear power..........................................................................................................................170<BR>Other emerging technologies............................................................................................170<BR>Price and taxation....................................................................................................................172<BR>New directions in energy sector governance...............................................................172<BR>Knowledge management.....................................................................................................173<BR>Conclusion................................................................................................................................179<BR>chapter 7 Energy se curity and sustainable development in least<BR>developed countries , landlocked developing countries<BR>and small island developing States ............................................... 181<BR>Primary energy supplies.......................................................................................................185<BR>Renewable energy technologies.......................................................................................194<BR>Financing energy projects....................................................................................................196<BR>Energy efficiency.....................................................................................................................197<BR>Subregional cooperation......................................................................................................198<BR>Policy suggestions for small island developing States,<BR>least developed countries and landlocked developing countries........................199<BR>Conclusion................................................................................................................................201<BR>chapter 8 Policy options for energy se curity and<BR>sustainable development.................................................................... 203<BR>Energy and sustainable development.............................................................................206<BR>Investment and financing....................................................................................................207<BR>Modern energy services for all...........................................................................................207<BR>Special needs of least developed countries, landlocked developing<BR>countries and small island developing States..............................................................208<BR>Innovation and competitiveness.......................................................................................208<BR>Regional and subregional cooperation...........................................................................208<BR>The way forward......................................................................................................................208<BR>Endnotes ................................................................................................................................................................ 210<BR></P>
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