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美国民用光伏产业发展投资报告（Solar Photovoltaic Financing Residential Solar Deployment）09年3月
SEIA出，共66页
Table of Contents
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... ix
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... ix
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
2.0 PV Systems: Utility Bill Savings and Net Metering Benefits .............................................. 3
2.1 Electric Utility Bill Savings .................................................................................................3
2.2 Net Metering ........................................................................................................................5
3.0 Cash Incentives for Residential PV ....................................................................................... 7
3.1 California .............................................................................................................................9
3.1.1 PV Incentives for Existing Homes ............................................................................. 9
3.2 New York ...........................................................................................................................10
3.2.1 PV Incentives for Existing Homes ........................................................................... 10
3.2.2 New York Energy $martSM Loan Program .............................................................. 10
4.0 RECs Overview and Background ....................................................................................... 12
5.0 Tax Incentives Available for Residential PV ...................................................................... 14
5.1 Federal Tax Incentives for Residential Solar .....................................................................14
5.2 State and Local Tax Incentives for Residential Solar ........................................................15
5.2.1 Louisiana Solar and Wind Residential Tax Credit .................................................. 17
5.2.2 New York State Income Tax Credit ......................................................................... 17
6.0 Calculating Residential PV Systems’ Cost Over 20 years ................................................. 18
6.1 Average Cost for a Residential PV System .......................................................................18
6.2 Sales, Property, and State Income Taxes ...........................................................................18
6.3 Electricity Production Over 20 Years ................................................................................18
6.4 Initial System Cost .............................................................................................................19
6.5 Utility Bill Savings from Electricity Produced ..................................................................19
6.6 Cash Incentives ..................................................................................................................20
6.7 Federal Investment Tax Credit ...........................................................................................21
6.8 Summary of Incentives ......................................................................................................21
6.8.1 Sacramento, California ............................................................................................ 21
6.8.2 Boulder, Colorado .................................................................................................... 22
6.8.3 Newark, New Jersey ................................................................................................ 23
7.0 Traditional PV Financing .................................................................................................... 24
7.1 Tools to Estimate the Cost of a PV System .......................................................................24
7.1.1 New York and the Clean Power Estimator .............................................................. 24
7.1.2 The Solar Advisor Model ......................................................................................... 25
7.2 Traditional Finance Models for Residential PV ................................................................25
7.2.1 California Example: SunPower and New Resource Bank ....................................... 26
viii
8.0 Emerging Financial Structures for Residential PV ........................................................... 27
8.1 Residential PV Financing: Background and Challenges ...................................................27
8.2 Third-party Ownership and the Solar Lease ......................................................................28
8.2.1 SolarCity .................................................................................................................. 28
8.2.2 Connecticut Solar Lease Program ............................................................................ 30
8.2.3 Solar Lease Model Summary ................................................................................... 31
8.3 Third-party Ownership and the Power Purchase Agreement ............................................31
8.3.1 Third-party Ownership Example: SunRun, Inc. ...................................................... 32
8.4 Property Tax Assessment Model .......................................................................................33
8.4.1 Sustainable Energy Financing District: The City of Berkeley's FIRST Initiative ... 34
8.5 Using Renewable Energy Certificates as a Currency to Repay Loans ..............................35
8.5.1 New Jersey PSE&G Solar Loan Program ................................................................ 36
8.6 Summary of Residential Finance Models ..........................................................................37
9.0 Community Solar .................................................................................................................. 40
9.1 Ellensburg, Washington: Virtual Net Metering .................................................................40
9.2 Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) SolarShares Program .............................41
9.3 St. George, Utah: SunSmart Community Solar .................................................................42
9.4 Achieving Economies of Scale through Neighborhood Projects .......................................43
9.4.1 Downtown San Jose Solar Project ........................................................................... 43
9.4.2 SolarCity's Community Solar Discount Program .................................................... 43
9.5 Mosier Creek Homes, Oregon ...........................................................................................43
10.0 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 45
References ................................................................................................................................... 47
Appendix 1. Homeowners Insurance ........................................................................................ 54
ix
List of Figures
Figure 1. On-site generation and net metering................................................................................ 3
Figure 2. Average residential retail electricity price in August 2008 ............................................. 4
Figure 3. States with system benefit charged-funded programs for renewable energy .................. 8
Figure 4. State income tax credits and deductions for renewable energy ..................................... 15
Figure 5. State sales tax exemptions for renewable energy .......................................................... 16
Figure 6. States with local property tax exemptions for renewables ............................................ 16
Figure 7. Total PV system cost to Sacramento homeowner, including incentives ....................... 22
Figure 8. Total PV system cost to Boulder homeowner, including incentives ............................. 22
Figure 9. Total PV system cost to Newark homeowner, including incentives ............................. 23
Figure 10. The residential power purchase agreement ................................................................. 32
List of Tables
Table 1. Average Annual and 20-Year Electricity Production of 4 kW PV System .................... 19
Table 2. Electricity Production and 20-Year Electricity Cost of 4 kW PV System ..................... 19
Table 3. Levelized Present Value of Electricity Generated and the Resulting Up-front Cost Offset ............................................................................................................................... 20
Table 4. Solar PV Net System Cost (2.5 kW DC) for Camillus, NY 13031 ................................ 25
Table 5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Residential Financing Structures ............................. 38
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