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英文文献：The Effect Of Entry By Wal-Mart Supercenters On Retail Grocery Concentration-沃尔玛超市的进入对零售杂货集中的影响
英文文献作者：Martens, Bobby J.,Dooley, Frank J.,Kim, Sounghun
英文文献摘要：
The U.S. retail grocery industry shifted from an industry dominated by small grocers serving local markets to one characterized by large retailers present in international markets. Average retail grocery concentration as measured by CR4 increased from 17.8 in 1982 to 43.0 in 1999 (U.S. Census Bureau, 1982; Trade Dimensions Marketing Guidebook, 2000). Wal-Mart's tremendous growth is the catalyst to this change. Although Wal-Mart has been studied from multiple perspectives, little is known about Wal-Mart's effect on market concentration. Understanding Wal-Mart's influence on market concentration is important because an extensive literature shows a pattern linking retail grocery market concentration to increases in retail grocery prices. The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the effects of de novo entry by Wal-Mart Supercenters on retail grocery concentration (CR4). Using a panel dataset complied from Trade Dimensions Marketing Guidebook and Market Scope publications, the effect of Wal-Mart Supercenters on changes in retail grocery concentration was estimated. The results show that existing Wal-Mart Supercenter operations and entry by Wal-Mart Supercenters significantly increase the rate of change in retail grocery concentration as measured by CR4.
美国零售食品杂货行业从一个以服务当地市场的小型食品杂货为主的行业转变为一个以在国际市场上出现的大型零售商为特征的行业。以CR4衡量的平均零售杂货集中度从1982年的17.8上升到1999年的43.0(美国人口普查局，1982;贸易规模营销指南，2000)。沃尔玛的巨大增长是这种变化的催化剂。虽然人们从多个角度研究了沃尔玛，但对其对市场集中度的影响知之甚少。了解沃尔玛对市场集中度的影响是很重要的，因为大量的文献显示了零售杂货市场集中度与零售杂货价格上涨之间的联系模式。本分析的目的是评估沃尔玛超市的重新进入对零售杂货集中(CR4)的影响。利用贸易维度、市场营销指南和市场范围出版物汇编的面板数据，估计了沃尔玛超级中心对零售杂货店集中度变化的影响。结果表明，现有的沃尔玛超市运营和沃尔玛超市的进入显著增加了以CR4衡量的零售杂货集中度的变化率。
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