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英文文献：Dietary Effects of Menu Choices in the National School Lunch Program-国家学校午餐计划中菜单选择对饮食的影响
英文文献作者：Ishdorj, Ariun,Crepinsek, Mary Kay,Jensen, Helen H.
英文文献摘要：
Childhood and adolescence are unique periods of growth and development. In addition to maturing physically, children begin to make independent choices about when, where, and what they eat. Good nutrition during childhood and adolescence plays a key role in assuring adequate growth and development, preventing the long-term risk of chronic disease, and enhancing health and well-being. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) school meal programs play an important role in children’s diets and can thus influence their weight status and health. On average, children obtain more than one third of their daily energy intake from meals consumed at school during the school year (Briefel et al 2009). The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) is one of the largest government food assistance programs with the primary objective to “safeguard the health and well-being of the Nation’s children.” The program seeks to provide nutritious lunches at low-cost to all children, and for free to qualifying low-income children. As a result, making school lunches healthier may potentially impact a large number of children across different socioeconomic groups. Menu planning requirements and setting nutrition standards for the school meal programs can influence only the foods and nutrients offered to children in participating schools, not what is actually consumed. Thus, the challenge to those planning meals and setting standards is to design meals offered that enhance school lunch participants’ selection and consumption of nutritious foods. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of foods offered in school lunches on the foods consumed at lunch by NSLP participants. More specifically, the model we have developed enables us to analyze the response of schoolchildren’s nutrient intake to foods and nutrients offered at lunch. We use data from the third School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study (SNDA-III), which provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on characteristics of students’ and their parents, the school meal programs, the school environments that affect the food programs, the energy and nutrient content of school meals, and the contributions of school meals to students’ diets. Our preliminary estimates show that there are significant between and within school variations in students’ nutrient intakes. The nutrient composition of the menu offered has a less consistent effect across the various outcomes. However we found that the nutrient offered at school during lunch does have a positive and significant effect on the intake of the same nutrient consumed by students at school.
童年和青春期是成长和发展的独特时期。除了身体成熟之外，孩子们也开始自主选择何时、何地、吃什么。儿童和青少年时期的良好营养在确保适当的生长和发育、预防慢性疾病的长期风险以及增进健康和福祉方面发挥关键作用。美国农业部(USDA)的校餐计划在儿童饮食中发挥着重要作用，因此可能影响他们的体重状况和健康。平均而言，在学年期间，儿童每天摄取的能量有三分之一以上来自于在校期间的膳食(Briefel等，2009年)。国家学校午餐计划(NSLP)是最大的政府食品援助计划之一，其主要目标是"保障全国儿童的健康和福祉"。该项目旨在为所有儿童提供低成本的营养午餐，并向符合条件的低收入儿童免费提供。因此，使学校午餐更健康可能会对不同社会经济群体的大量儿童产生潜在影响。学校膳食计划的菜单规划要求和营养标准的制定只能影响参与学校提供给孩子们的食物和营养，而不能影响他们实际消费了什么。因此，对那些计划膳食和制定标准的挑战是设计膳食，以提高学校午餐参与者对营养食物的选择和消费。本研究的目的是评估学校午餐提供的食物对NSLP参与者午餐消费的影响。更具体地说，我们开发的模型使我们能够分析学童对食物和午餐提供的营养物质的营养摄入的反应。我们使用数据从第三学校营养膳食评估研究(SNDA-III),它提供了全面、最新的信息特征的学生”和他们的父母,学校供餐计划,学校的环境影响食品项目,学校膳食能量和养分含量,以及学校膳食的贡献,学生的饮食。我们的初步估计显示，在学校之间和学校内部，学生的营养摄入存在显著差异。菜单所提供的营养成分对不同结果的影响不太一致。然而，我们发现学校在午餐期间提供的营养对学生在学校所消耗的相同营养的摄入量确实有积极和显著的影响。
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