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[萨缪尔森经济学] Resource scarcity is a false proposition [推广有奖]

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1. Resource scarcity is a false proposition

Abstract: Resource scarcity is thecore theme of microeconomics. Macroeconomics is a study of resource surplus,which leads to a serious confrontation between microeconomics andmacroeconomics.  Then, is the resourcescarce or surplus? All kinds of phenomena show that the impact of surplus onthe market is immediate and real, and the impact of scarcity on the market isfar-reaching and ethereal...

1.1 resourcesare scarce, or surplus

Scarcity and efficiency are the dualthemes of economics.  Why do you saythis? Because in this world, all the items are scarce, including the stones inthe mountains, the underground minerals, the corals in the sea, and even thefresh air of the sky.  Only by improvingefficiency can we make better use of these limited resources and produce moregoods.

Economics is such a science thatstudies how society can use scarce resources to produce more goods and how torationally distribute them.

Why is resources scarce? Because humandesires are endless, and the resources of this world cannot be infinite, andcertainly limited. Therefore, with limited resources, people can never satisfythe infinite desires of people, and resources naturally Scarce.

For example, in the United States,after more than 200 years of continuous development after the founding of thePeople's Republic of China, the production capacity of the United States hasalready ranked first in the world, but the indescribable desire of everyone isstill completely unsatisfiable, or the wealth that the United States now hascannot even satisfy every A small part of American consumer desires! Itsnational output has to be expanded many, many times, so that the ordinaryAmerican public can reach the high standard of life of American doctors orleague baseball players.  As forcountries outside the United States, especially in Africa.  There, thousands of people are still inhunger and cold, and the distance between desire and output is even greater.

The above examples seem to fullyexplain the scarcity of resources.  Thereason why it is "seemingly" rather than "affirmative" isbecause a well-known economist certainly cannot fully agree with economicsabout the scarcity of resources. Who is this famous economist? We call himKeynes Mr.

Why is Keynes unable to agree witheconomics about the scarcity of resources? Because Keynes is known for studyingthe problem of overproduction.

Overproductionis a total production of social goods that greatly exceeds the existing DemandThe economic phenomenon can also be said to be aphenomenon of relative surplus of resources, including surplus commodities andsurplus labor.  Most countries in theworld today, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, Germany,etc., have experienced overproduction, which has led to a serious economiccrisis, economic depression, and experienced the suffering caused byoverproduction.  The Great Depressionlike the 1930s was caused by overproduction.

Therefore, after a long period ofobservation, Keynes found that although there are still many shortcomings inthe field of supply shortage, that is, the social phenomenon of resourceshortage, in modern society, the most troubled people are not the problem ofscarcity of resources, but the phenomenon of overproduction, withindustrialization. The process of overproduction has been rampant, such as theunemployment of workers (overcapacity of human resources) and the slow sales ofgoods (excess product).

In order to alleviate the economic depression caused by overproduction,maintain the sustained growth of the economy. A generation of economics master Cairns created an economic disciplinecalled Macroeconomics, which specifically analyzes how to overcome the problemof excess production (resources) in the real world, because overproduction isthe biggest waste of resources.

Why is there a phenomenon ofoverproduction?

From the perspective of demand, the root cause of overproductionis the diminishing effect of marginal utility.

The diminishing marginal utility meansthat the satisfaction level obtained from each unit of merchandise isdecremented as the consumer continues to increase the consumption of a certaincommodity within a certain period of time.

For example, to drink Coke: On a hotday, you are thirsty and want to buy cola. For the first cup of cola, you canget 10 units of satisfaction, then the marginal utility is 10; then drink asecond cup of cola, because there is For the sake of the first cup, thesatisfaction you get from the second cup of cola will not be satisfied with thesatisfaction of the first cup of cola, and may fall to the satisfaction of 8units, then the marginal utility of the second cup of cola is 8... By analogy,when you drink the fifth Coke, you may have already had enough to drink, andthere is no satisfaction. Then the fifth cup of Coke has zero marginal effecton you.  When I went to the sixth cup,you vomited when you drank. Not only did you feel unsatisfied, but you feltthat you were guilty of living, and it became a negative effect...

Intraditional economics, people generally use the theory of diminishing marginalutility to illustrate the relationship of demand, that is, the more the quantityof a commodity is sold in the market within a certain period of time, the lowerits price.  However, it can also be usedto illustrate the "root cause" of overproduction.  That is, according to the law of diminishingmarginal utility: it shows that in a certain period of time, people's demandfor a certain product will have a limit, beyond which the product will besurplus.  For example, in a certainperiod of time, the whole society's artificial n, when a single person'smaximum consumption of a product reaches q, the marginal utility is"0", then the whole society's maximum demand for a product is n.  q, if the output of a product exceeds n.  q, there will be absolutely excess.

Anotherreason for overproduction is the disparity between the rich and the poor insociety, resulting in insufficient effective demand.  The performance is: in the expansion of theproduction of certain commodities, on the one hand, the rich (high-incomeclass) no longer increase purchases due to demand, on the other hand, the poor(low-income class) lacks purchasing power, resulting in a backlog of products,causing a decline in production. Workers are unemployed, which in turn leads toa decline in demand and continues to evolve.

Insufficienteffective demand will result in a relative surplus in the production of certainproducts without an absolute excess. That is, if the total consumption of a product reaches q in a certainperiod of time and the average consumption of a product reaches q, the marginalutility is “0”, then the maximum demand for a product in the whole society is n.  q, if the output of a product exceeds n.  q, there will be absolutely excess.  Due to the gap between the rich and the poorin society, in a certain period of time, when the average consumption of a productreaches qd (d is greater than 0, which is a relative surplus), and the marginalutility is "0", then when the output of a product exceeds n ( Whenqd), a product will appear relatively surplus.

The above paragraph can be understood as: if the demand isn.  When q, the effective demand isn(qd).  Insufficient effective demandmeans that because n(qd)<n.  q,resulting in a relatively surplus production. What we are present in society is basically a relatively surplusphenomenon of production.  That is, asthe production efficiency increases, more and more products are produced, andas a result, the demand for the ability to pay is relatively reduced, resultingin a large number of products not being sold. To avoid overproduction, the yield must be controlled within n(qd).



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1.2 The opposition between microeconomics and macroeconomics
Obviously, Keynes's point of view is significantly different from the existing economics in terms of resource scarcity or "excess", and it has caused the theoretical "segmentation" of existing microeconomics and macroeconomics.  So when writing economics textbooks, the same economist wrote the microeconomics section, which emphasized the scarcity of resources, how to improve efficiency to produce more commodities, and when writing macroeconomics, the economics The family must also emphasize the problem of excess resources and analyze how it should control the impact of excess on the economy.
Moreover, the problem of "dividing" the microeconomics and macroeconomics in theory is not newly discovered by people. It is a historical legacy of economics.  As early as the 1990s, Professor Stiglitz from Stanford University wrote in his book Economics that the neoclassical economics system divided economics into two distinct parts.  Let's talk about micro, talk about macro, or reverse.  Then use the theory of microeconomics to analyze the scarcity of resources, and use the theory of macroeconomics to analyze the phenomenon of excess resources. The theoretical system that is independent and rarely related to each other is reflected in the writing of textbooks and the teaching of courses... So in the past few decades, although economists have questioned the division of microeconomics and macroeconomics.  The entire economics community has already believed that macroeconomic changes must be based on the principles of microeconomics; economics should have only one set, not two sets of theoretical systems.  However, this view has not been reflected in any existing textbooks.
Haha! It is clear that the theoretical "segmentation" of the economic system has seriously affected the rigor and science of the entire economic theory system.  If we can solve this problem, it will definitely be of great significance to economics.  Imagine if economics had only one set of theories, for example, only a set of theories in "resource scarcity" or "resource surplus" in economics, at least to avoid them fighting.
Some people joked that it is precisely because of the "resource scarcity" of microeconomics that the "overproduction" of macroeconomics has been created.  Why? Because in the micro-economy, resources are scarce, so each manufacturer uses limited resources to produce (or blindly produce) to meet the unlimited desires or needs of people (markets). As a result, the total demand of society is The ceiling, the manufacturer's production capacity greatly exceeds the limit of market consumption, resulting in the accumulation of products in the entire society.
Next, I would like to discuss how to solve the problem of theoretical division of microeconomics and macroeconomics:
To solve the division of microeconomics and macroeconomics.  First of all, we must make a choice between the "resource scarcity" and the "resource surplus" theory.
So, is it true that the term “resource scarcity” is correct or is it “resource surplus”?
Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. From a practical point of view, the theory of overproduction and excess resources seems to be closer to reality.  Because of the overproduction, the economic fluctuations and crises are the most headaches for leaders of all countries.  The ancients were not afflicted with unequalness; modern people were not afraid of working overtime and were afraid of unemployment.
Then, since the theory of “resource surplus” is more correct, why do economists deduce: resources are scarce? If you can find economists' shortcomings in resource scarcity theory, solve microeconomics and macroeconomics. The theoretical division is promising.
I think this is related to the timing of these microeconomic theories, because at the time when Adam Smith proposed that resources were scarce, it was still in the era of economic shortages - "industrialization" was just beginning, products were in short supply, and everything could be produced. Selling, the classical economics of that era also deeply imprinted the limitations of this history.
However, to this day, economists have emphasized that “resource scarcity” has a lot of sophistry.
I have always believed that the theory that cannot withstand the test of practice is often flawed in the theoretical argument.
Then, what are the shortcomings of the concept of resource scarcity in economics?


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1.3 desire is not demand
Here I would like to take Samuelson's discussion of scarcity in Economics 19 Edition as an example to see what flaws he has in the analysis of scarcity.
Samuelson wrote in Economics 19: "Scarcity" refers to a state in which items are always limited relative to demand.
For the argument of “scarcity”, he believes that the reason is that human desire (infinity) is far greater than supply capacity. For example, “Despite two centuries of rapid economic growth, American production capacity cannot fully satisfy everyone’s desires. If you add up all your needs, you will immediately discover that existing items and services cannot even satisfy a small part of everyone’s desire for consumption! Our national output must be expanded many times and many times before we have It may make ordinary Americans reach the high standard of living of doctors or league baseball players, not to mention countries outside the United States, especially in Africa, where thousands of people are still in hunger and cold. ”
Obviously, Samuelson confuses the concepts of "desire" and "demand" here, and replaces "demand" with "desire."
Desire is a good yearning or desire for self-awareness.
Demand is the desire of people to buy and be willing to buy a specific item.
What is the difference between them?
First, demand is limited by the law of diminishing utility. Desire is just a kind of psychological activity. For example, if a population is thirsty, drinking up to 5 bottles of Coke at a time can fully satisfy the need to quench their thirst, but in the desire, this person can imagine that he can Drinking 500 bottles of cola, but in fact he can't drink so much.
Second, demand is guaranteed by income and ability. For example, in economics, demand is a purchasing power. It must have income first, and income is derived from supply. Therefore, demand and supply are closely related and matched. They together affect the operation of the economy.  Desire is wishful thinking, and you can arbitrarily fantasize regardless of any realistic conditions.  It has nothing to do with the actual income and supply conditions. It only depends on the individual's imagination. It is often impossible to achieve, and it will not affect the operation of the economy before it is transformed into demand.  For example, ordinary Americans, if they try to become doctors or league baseball players, or make a corresponding contribution to the society by doctors or league baseball players, create corresponding value, and with the corresponding income security, they can naturally enjoy A high standard of life for doctors or league baseball players, but if you don't make any effort and just want to lose the pie in the sky, this desire will never be realized, which has nothing to do with the production capacity of the United States.
It can be said that one of them is ideal and the other is reality.  Everyone wants to drink more milk in the ideal. In reality, people put milk on the road. We can't see the ideal as a consumption potential, because this potential must be limited by the diminishing effect.
One is allocated on demand and the other is distributed according to work.  Economics studies how to rationalize the market relationship of distribution according to work, rather than how to achieve on-demand distribution.  According to the principle of distribution according to work, ordinary Americans can only accept ordinary living standards. When they are doctors or league baseball players, they can achieve a high standard of living. It has nothing to do with whether resources are scarce.  On the other hand, just like every election in the United States, 50,000 people ran out to run for the presidency, but in the end only one person was elected.  If you follow the principle of on-demand distribution, have economists considered dividing the United States into 50,000 copies to fulfill the desire to be elected by every candidate!
Therefore, compared with "desire", "demand" is the problem that economics should consider.  And this desire is not a problem that economists can solve. Even this "desire" has no meaning in economics, because the so-called "desire" of human beings is really infinite. For example, if a child wants the moon in the sky, should his parents should Meet him, is it possible to meet him.  Is economics worrying about such problems? What economists should consider is to infer how much something happens to the immediate impact of something else, not to consider whether a certain fantasy may or may not be realized in a few years. The possibility of realization, because according to the social division of labor, it should be a problem that the visionary or inventor has to solve, and should not be included in the scope of economics.

1.4 supply is greater than demand
Then, from the perspective of demand, is resources scarce? If you look at the demand perspective, resources are not scarce.
I remember Samuelson once said that if you understand "supply" and "demand", you can become half economist, because supply and demand are the most basic factors affecting economic operations.  Therefore, the demand we study can only be the demand that matches the supply, not the desire in the heart, to understand the market situation.
So what is the matching relationship between demand and supply?
Suppose that within a certain period of time, the manufacturers of an economy produce 100 billion yuan of goods. Then, without considering the tax, the workers involved in the production of goods receive 900,000 yuan in wages as compensation, and the bosses get 100 billion yuan in profits.  After that, the workers took 900 billion yuan to buy the goods they produced, and the bosses took 50 billion yuan to buy the goods they produced, and increased the savings of 50 billion yuan.
In this case, the supply is 100 billion yuan, the demand is 950 billion yuan, and the savings are 50 billion yuan.
Therefore, from the perspective of accounting, supply = income > demand.
In addition, in the market, on the surface, demand determines supply, because if a manufacturer fails to meet market demand, consumers will choose products from other manufacturers.  Therefore, what the market needs, what the manufacturer must produce.  But this is an unfair comparison method that isolates individual vendors from the entire vendor and compares them with market demand, rather than letting the corresponding supply and demand stand up.  If the supply of the same scale or range is compared with the demand, the demand is always limited by the supply.
For example, after entering a restaurant, you can only eat the food that the restaurant can provide according to the menu; after entering a supermarket, you can only buy the goods that the supermarket stores on the shelf.  This shows that the types and quantities of consumer consumables can only be within the scope of supply.
Of course, if you are not satisfied with the food in this restaurant, do not like the goods of this supermarket, you can also choose to go to other restaurants and supermarkets.  But on the other hand, it shows that the supply of products on the market is sufficient, obviously greater than the effective demand, and consumers have room for choice. If resources are scarce and supply is less than demand, there is no chance for you to pick and choose. .
In theory, what is produced is not determined by demand, but by desire.  The relationship between desire and supply and demand is as follows:
Desire Invention → invention → supply → effective demand
First, there is desire, and then the supply is established by inventing the product, but from the desire to the invention, it may be realized, it may not be realized, and it is not known when it can be realized, so it can only be connected by a dotted line; the invention is supplied, and the supply is demanded. Different, there is a very realistic causal relationship between them.  This also officially reveals the relationship between desire and demand mentioned above - they are far apart.
Or to put it another way, the relationship between supply and demand from the perspective of production and consumption:
The first is the production of objects that determine consumption.  What we can consume is not arbitrarily imagined, but is limited by the level of production.  Before the aircraft was invented, flying was just a human dream; before the mobile communication network was established, instant messaging was just a human slang.
Second, production determines the amount of consumption.  A few decades ago, the food and clothing in many parts of China was still a problem. Today we all can eat and wear warmly. A few decades ago, TVs were not owned by every household. Today, even in relatively backward areas, buy one. A TV set is not difficult.  Many products, only a few rich people can enjoy it before, and now everyone can buy it.  This is because our production level has increased.
So in terms of the relationship between supply and demand, because manufacturers only supply these things in the market, in reality, no matter what kind of desire you have, there are only two choices in the perspective of effective demand, either to enjoy, or to drink the northwest wind, and finally It can only be a choice: you must enjoy it and let the demand subdue supply.
Since supply > demand, it means that there is excess resources in the market, not resources scarcity.  In other words, the impact of excess resources on the market is immediate and real. The impact of resource scarcity on the market is far-reaching and ethereal.
So, is there a possibility that demand > supply?
For example, the market produces 100 billion yuan of goods, but consumes 1.1 billion yuan of goods.  From an accounting perspective, this may not happen.  Because only a lot of goods of 100 billion yuan have been produced in the market, and if you want to increase consumption, you will find it difficult to make a difference.  If you want to argue, you can take the past inventory of goods and increase the consumption, it just means that there has been supply and demand in the past, and, in any case, the supply is always greater than the demand.  Economists are talking about the relationship between desire and supply. On the one hand, the demand for several years, on the other hand, the supply of a certain period of time (such as one year), the demand is created in different "time and space" is far greater than The illusion of supply.  However, if the supply for a certain period of time corresponds to the demand for a certain period of time, and the supply for several years corresponds to the demand for several years, the supply will always be greater than the demand.  It is as if in a closed situation, a farmer produces 10,000 kilograms of grain a year. In that year, he could only eat 10,000 pounds. If you want to eat 11,000 kilograms of grain, the extra 1000 pounds can only be used to plan the mud. .
Therefore, in economics, resource scarcity is a false proposition.  In the real world accounting system, in the statistical system, in the national economic accounting system, resources are surplus; only in the ideals and illusions of our future world, resources will be scarce.  Economists should pay more attention to the problem of overproduction and study how to adjust the existing resource structure to avoid overproduction and waste of resources, rather than worrying about insufficient resources.

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上贴10天了,也不见萨缪尔森的粉丝们来反驳一下,真是很失败!

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maniman 发表于 2018-12-9 11:19:13 |显示全部楼层 |坛友微信交流群
这是谁写的

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