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英文文献：Why Farmers Opt Not to Enroll in Payment-for-Environmental-Services Programs-为什么农民选择不参加环境服务付费项目
英文文献作者：Ma, Shan,Swinton, Scott M.,Lupi, Frank,Jolejole, Christina B.
英文文献摘要：
Payment-for-environmental-services (PES) programs are the focus of increasing attention globally. While existing PES programs can observe who participates and who does not, the reasons for nonparticipation can be opaque. Taking advantage of a unique stated preference data set that includes a follow-up question on conditions for participation, this study differentiates two types of non-participants, those deterred by insufficient payments, and those deterred by fundamental incompatibility with the farm operation. Survey weighted and spatially weighted probit models are applied to examine the determinants of farmers’ willingness to enroll in PES programs and their willingness to consider enrollment at the same or a high payment. Results suggest the decision to enroll relies more on farm benefit-cost factors, such as program payment, total land area and current farming practice, while the decision to consider enrolling depends more on farm and operator characteristics, such as environmental attitudes, soil traits, current government program enrollment or commitment to organic farming. Both decisions also show evidence of spatial dependence that suggest spill-over effects due to natural resources, interpersonal communication, or other socio-economic factors. These findings elucidate reasons for non-participation in PES programs and provide insights for future program design and targeting.
环境服务付费(PES)项目是全球日益关注的焦点。虽然现有的PES计划可以观察谁参加和谁不参加，不参加的原因可能是不透明的。利用独特的陈述偏好数据集(其中包括一个关于参与条件的后续问题)，本研究区分了两类非参与者，一类因支付不足而却步，另一类因与农场经营根本不匹配而却步。摘要采用调查加权和空间加权的probit模型，研究了农户参加PES计划的意愿及其考虑同工同酬或高缴费的意愿的决定因素。结果表明决定招收更多地依赖农场收益成本因素,如程序付款,总土地面积和当前的农业实践,而决定考虑招收更多的取决于农场和算子的特点,如环境态度、土壤特征,当前政府计划招生或有机农业的承诺。这两个决定也显示出空间依赖的证据，表明由于自然资源、人际交流或其他社会经济因素造成的溢出效应。这些发现阐明了不参加PES项目的原因，并为未来的项目设计和目标提供了见解。
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