昨日阅读4h,累计 672.5 h
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《思想的力量:哲学导论》
408. 霍布斯认为,在生存这种自然权利面前,人是百无禁忌的。
他开启了一个重要传统:即所谓的契约主义(contractualism)。
另两位契约论理论家:
John Lock(1632-1704),写了《ZF论》(Two Treatises of Government),《ZF二论》(Second Treatise of Government)
独立宣言、美国宪法、权利法案当中,洛克的思想都留下了深刻烙印(无论内容还是措辞方面)。它对美国政治思想和政治机构的影响力直到今天仍然不容忽视。每一个美国人都直接或间接分享着约翰-洛克思想的余韵。
409. 公意:卢梭的公意(general will)概念,本质上类似于“国家的良心”和“人民的意志”,即一群人,作为一个集体,会共同地欲求、期盼、需要什么东西;尽管这种集体的欲求可能同集体中的个人欲求相一致,但在形而上的意义上,它们是不同的实体。
时至今日,这个观念有两个问题值得争议,第一,它是什么?第二个问题是,即便我们承认一个集体会有所谓的公意,这公意和所有人的意志、大多数人的意志都不一样,那么我们如何能够知道这个公意的确切内容呢?民意测验或投票揭示的是所有人的意志和大多数人的意志,那么如何来揭示公意呢?
410. 让-雅克-卢梭
在霍布斯和洛克看来,人类在组织完善的国家中要比在“自然状态”中生活得好。而让-雅克-卢梭(Jean-Jacques Rousseau,1712--1778)表达的观点和他们迥然不同--至少就他的早期政治著作而言。
卢梭认为,当我们强迫一个人接受公意的时候,我们就是在强迫他自由。
《论人类不平等的起源和基础》(Discourse on the Origin and Foundation of the Inequality among Men, 1754):卢梭说,在既无国家也无文化的自然状态中,人类从本质上讲是纯洁、善良、快乐、健康的。拥有完美的自由。随着私有财产的诞生,一切都改变了。
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Blockchain:
34.
The block size is the maximum amount of information that can be stored in each block. For Bitcoin, this is 1 MB of data's worth of transactions. For Ethereum, the limit is actually measured in GAS, a special unit of measuring both processing power (since Ethereum has smart contracts) as well as storage. Unlike Bitcoin, the GAS/storage limit for each block is not fixed but is instead adjusted by the miners dynamically.
It's important to note that blocks contain only possible information until they are finalized by the network. For instance, 1,000 transactions might happen, but if only 500 make it on to the next block, then only those 500 are real. The remaining transactions will continue to wait to be included into a future block.
Blockchain miners
Blockchain miners and blockchain validators (see the upcoming sections) both have to do with consensus, which will be explored in depth in Chapter 7 , Achieving Consensus. Generally, blockchain miners are associated with blockchains. A PoW chain functions by having the computers that are miners compete to do the work needed to certify a block in the chain. Currently, the only major PoW blockchains are Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Ethereum. Most other systems use a variation of PoS consensus, which we will discuss in the next Blockchain validators section. We'll cover how mining works in detail in Chapter 18 , Mining.
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昨日阅读 4h
累计 672.5 h


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