20190228【充实计划】第994期

昨天阅读3小时，累计阅读103小时

今日阅读一小时，Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness，48%->50%,累积阅读时间40小时。

5G芯片大战开启：为何华为等国产力量能从巨头环伺中突围？

https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/n16E0_ESwzmMm5dkdrbmrQ

昨日阅读1.5小时，累计阅读201小时。

昨天阅读1小时，累计阅读352小时。
昨天继续学习了经济学中收入分配问题，“收入分配”（distribution of income）是指流向富人、中层人士和穷人的金钱，那些收入最高的人，其收入远远超过了其他人，拉高了平均收入的水平，这意味着人口中大部分人的收入都不能达到平均值。统计学家用一句术语总结你所看到的现象：他们认为社会的收入分配是“偏斜的”（skewed）。经济学家称之为不平等。在美国21世纪的头10年里，最富裕人群收入的快速增长，法国经济学家托马斯·皮凯蒂（Thomas Piketty）在2014年出版了一本书，名叫《21世纪资本论》，书中检视了富人的崛起，并对他们远远甩开其他人的财富增长速度表达了担忧。传统经济学有一个更平实的说法。问题在于工资，即大部分人的收入来源，是由什么所决定的？传统经济学认为，工人根据自身对生产的贡献获得收入。受过教育的人拥有技能，生产能力更强，因此收入更多。在过去的几十年里，技术的演进加强了这个效果：那些受过计算机编程和设计培训的人能够获得更好的收入。没有技术的工人例如汉堡店员工和清洁工被甩在身后。皮凯蒂认为，事情并没有如此简单。他说，那些拥有巨额收入的人并不是因为他们有超高的生产能力。皮凯蒂发现了资产增长的原因，他称之为“资本主义的历史规律”（historical law of capitalism）。人们利用自己的财富赚钱，皮凯蒂发现，在历史上的大部分时间里，财富的报酬率都超过了经济增长的速度。工人的工资根据经济的产出情况支付，当经济生产力提升的时候上涨。由于财富报酬率的速度超过了经济增速，工人的工资并不能以富人的报酬率速度增长。经济学家受到批评，说他们没有在收入分配问题上采取强硬的立场。一些经济学家认为，一个少部分人比其他大多数人富有的富裕社会，比一个人人平等但所有人都吃不饱的贫穷社会要好。现代经济学的许多内容都是关于效率的，而不是分配。政府真正能够实现重新分配的手段只有对富人征税，然后分给穷人。但是经济学家担心过多的赋税会影响人们的行为：如果自己的收入会被征税，为什么还要努力工作？经济学家所说的是公平和效率之间的平衡。英国经济学家安东尼·阿特金森（Anthony Atkinson）说市场往往是从不那么有效率出发，比如，当人们缺乏重要信息时，市场就不是有效率的。阿特金森认为，一个较高的最低工资可以减少不平等，并增加效率。阿特金森认为通过加快经济发展，超过财富的报酬率，可以解决不平等问题，对此皮凯蒂并不认可。他的建议是降低财富报酬率，对全世界最富裕的人群征收全球税。

继续学习 Coulter的管理学，
The external environment includes those factors and forces outside the organization
that affect its performance. The main components include economic, demographic,
political/legal, sociocultural, technological, and global. Managers face constraints
and challenges from these components because of the impact they have on jobs and
employment, environmental uncertainty, and stakeholder relationships.
管理者面临的组织外部挑战，主要包括经济大环境，人口发展模式， 政治法律环境的变化，社会文化，技术和全球化变化
带来的挑战，这些因素会影响工作职位，雇佣环境，环境的不确定性，和各种相关者利益的变化
昨日阅读1小时，累积阅读535小时

昨日阅读4h，累计 685.5 h
==================
《思想的力量：哲学导论》
420. 约翰-斯图亚特-穆勒（历史上的天才人物--智商奇高）
他的《逻辑体系》（System of Logic, 1843）代表了通向逻辑、抽象概念、心理学、社会学和伦理学的经验主义路径。其归纳法仍旧是标准的范本。
其与哈丽特-泰勒的爱情故事很壮美。
穆勒的《自传》（Autobiography）出版于他逝世的那一年。被广为阅读。至今，穆勒依旧是他那个世纪最为著名的英国哲学家。

421. 哈丽特-泰勒（Harriet  Taylor，1807-1858），女性哲学家，诗人，造诣深厚的思想家。其兴趣既在于全面的社会改造，也在于特定的法律变革。
对英国社会的发展趋向，投入了极大关注。
约翰-斯图亚特-穆勒（John stuart Mill，1806-1873）对自由问题颇为关注，一位功利主义者，相信快乐不仅仅是善的，快乐就是善本身，是一切行为和欲望的最终目标。（功利主义者不是利己主义者）他认为，普遍幸福就是团体中的每个个人的幸福的总和。

422. Plato说过，当一个人领略过知识的真谛以后，他宁愿做贫穷的主人的奴隶，也不会愿意成为无知的人。这种思想与穆勒的观点类似。

423. 著名的德国诗人亨利希-海涅（Heinrich Heine）曾经在柏林听过黑格尔的讲座，他写道：当时我是年轻而自负的；黑格尔说亲爱的上帝并非像我的老祖母所说的那样在天堂，我自己就是上帝在人间的化身，这个思想极大地满足了我的虚荣心。
黑格尔复苏了一个古希腊的思想（不是Plato所认同的思想），即对于个人来说，只有名誉才是不朽的

黑格尔继承的是斯宾诺莎把上帝等同于自然（Natura sive deus，即自然与上帝同一）的思想。他曾说，在斯宾诺莎之后，一切哲学都将是斯宾诺莎主义。



==================================
Blockchain:

Decentralization Versus Distributed Systems
One of the biggest misconceptions in the blockchain space is between distributed systems and decentralized systems. In this chapter, we are going to discuss both types of systems, why they matter, their similarities, their differences, and how blockchain technology can fit into both categories.
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to do the following:

• Define a distributed system
• Define a decentralized system
• Understand the benefits and drawbacks of distributed systems
• Understand the benefits and drawbacks of decentralized systems
  

---

Django: Mazznine continued 5pages

===========================

昨日阅读4h
累计 685.5 h
==================

昨日阅读5小时，累计阅读45小时

the poisonous arrow shot in the heel of Achilles
stuff and nonsense   胡说八道

snippet  == a small piece or brief extract   / fragment / morsel / particle / piece / scrap  

昨天阅读2个小时，累积阅读43个小时。

In small open economy, the exchange rate pass-through has a considerable effect on inflation and output fluctuations. The exchange rate transmits the impact of any shock on the economy through its effect on import prices and relative prices. Under this circumstance, exchange rate channel plays a role as either shock absorber or amplifier in implementing the monetary policy, but how much it can absorb (or amplify) depends on the exchange rate pass-through. Therefore, the exchange rate pass-through is an important consideration with respect to the effectiveness of monetary policy.

New Open Economy Macroeconomics has developed strongly since the mid of 1990s. In this strand, studies of Clarida, Gali and Gertler (1999, 2001), Obstfeld and Rogoff (2002), Gali and Monacelli (2005), Woodford (2003), Benigno and Benigno (2003) are pioneering works that contributed the development of small open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model applied to the analysis of monetary policy. In these models, they assume that exchange rate pass-through is complete, implying that LOP holds continually.

However, many empirical studies such as Rogoff (1996), Goldberg and Knetter (1997) and Campa and Goldberg (2002, 2005) showed that the exchange rate pass-through is incomplete for developing and developed countries such as OECD, US, and Asian countries. Therefore, many authors such as Monacelli (2005), Adolfson (2001, 2007), Smets and Wouters (2002), Corsetti and Pesenti (2005), and Sutherland (2005) argued that introducing incomplete pass-through creates the important implications for designing of monetary policy. Overall they accepted that the exchange rate volatility and the degree of pass-through are key parameters in the design of optimal monetary policy.

Determinants of pass-through to prices: Macro vs Micro

Macro: Taylor (2000) argues that the inflation environment is an important macroeconomic determinant of pass-through. Lower inflation is associated with lower persistant of inflation and that persistence in cost changes is related to price stability. In a more stable inflationary environment, exchange rate shocks may be perceived as temporary, which encourages firms to absorb exchange rate fluctuations in their profit margins (e.g., Goldfajn and Werlang, 2000).

The exchange rate regime may be another determinant of exchange rate pass-through. In general, the pass-through is lower in countries with flexible exchange rate regimes that in fixed exchange rate regimes (Krugman, 1989). In fixed regime, when exchange rate changes, they are considered as permanent whih leads firms adjust selling prices rapidly. On the other side, in flexible regimes, exchange rate changes are considered as temporary.

Exchange rate volatility is another factor. Countries that has stable monetary policy would have their currencies chosen for transaction invoicing, i.e., local currency pricing (LCP); this leads to a lower exchange rate pass-through. The relationship between exchange rate volatility and exchange rate pass-through is expected positive (e.g., Ghosh and Rajan, 2009). However, Froot and Klemperer (1989) consider that the volatility of exchange rate is temporary, then when
firms try to maintain local market share, they will adapt their markups and high volatility is associated with a lower pass-through. In this light, we see the relationship between exchange rate volatility and exchange rate pass-through is ambiguous.

Exchange rate pass-through would be higher when the economy is booming than in periods of recession (e.g., Monteiro and Wu, 2000).