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英文文献：Pitfalls in Testing for Cointegration between Inequality and the Real Income-在检验不平等和实际收入之间的协整时的陷阱
英文文献作者：Ghislain N. Gueye,Hyeongwoo Kim,Gilad Sorek
英文文献摘要：
Frank (2009) constructed a comprehensive panel of state-level income inequality measures using individual tax filing data from the Internal Revenue Service. Employing an array of cointegration exercises for the data, he reported a positive long-run relationship between income inequality and the real income per capita in the US. This paper questions the validity of his findings. First, we suggest a mis-specification problem in his approach regarding the order of integration in the inequality index, which shows evidence of nonstationarity only for the post-1980 data. Second, we demonstrate that his findings are not reliable because the panel cointegration test he uses requires cross-section independence, which is inappropriate for the US state-level data. Employing panel tests that allow cross-section dependence, we find no evidence of cointegration between inequality and the real income.
Frank(2009)利用美国国税局(Internal Revenue Service)提供的个人纳税申报数据，构建了一个州级收入不平等测度的综合面板。通过对数据进行一系列协整分析，他报告了收入不平等与美国实际人均收入之间的长期正相关关系。这篇论文对他的发现的正确性提出了质疑。首先，在他的方法中，我们提出了一个关于不等式指数中积分顺序的错误说明问题，这显示了仅对1980年后数据的非平稳性的证据。其次，我们证明了他的发现是不可靠的，因为他使用的面板协整检验要求横截面独立性，这对美国州级数据是不合适的。采用允许横截面依赖的面板检验，我们发现不平等和实际收入之间没有协整的证据。
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