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英文文献：Population Thinking and Evolutionary Economic Analysis: Exploring Marshall's Fable of the Trees-人口思考与进化经济分析:探索马歇尔的树木寓言
英文文献作者：Esben Sloth Andersen
英文文献摘要：
It is increasingly recognised that population thinking is a basic characteristic of evolutionary economics. By taking its starting point in what is here called Marshall's fable of the trees, the paper demonstrates that there are several forms of population thinking. The most basic form is intra-population thinking for single populations, and this thinking easily extends to structured populations, where selection takes place at several levels. But there is also a need of applying inter-population thinking to the co-evolution of populations and intra-to-inter population thinking to the emergence of new populations. To transform these forms of population thinking into evolutionary analyses, there is a need of simple analytical tools. The paper emphasises a simple and basic tool for population thinking 'Price' equation. This little known equation provides a surprisingly powerful tool for the partitioning of overall evolutionary change into a selection effect and what may be called an innovation effect. This partitioning serves as a means of accounting for evolution and as a starting point for the explanation of evolution. The applications of Price's equation cover relatively short-term evolutionary change within individual industries as well as the study of more complexly structured populations of firms. It also, to some extent, helps to understand the effects of co-evolution between populations and the emergence of new populations.
人们越来越认识到，人口思维是进化经济学的一个基本特征。本文以“马歇尔树的寓言”为出发点，论证了人口思维的几种形式。最基本的形式是针对单个种群的种群内思维，这种思维很容易扩展到结构化种群，在那里选择在几个层次上发生。但是，也需要将种群间思维应用于种群的共同进化，将种群间思维应用于新种群的出现。要将这些人口思维形式转化为进化分析，就需要简单的分析工具。本文着重介绍了一种简单而基本的人口思考“价格”方程的工具。这个鲜为人知的等式提供了一个非常强大的工具，将整体的进化变化划分为选择效应和所谓的创新效应。这种划分是解释进化的一种手段，也是解释进化的一个起点。价格方程的应用涵盖了个别行业内相对短期的进化变化，以及对企业结构更为复杂的群体的研究。在某种程度上，它也有助于理解种群之间的共同进化和新种群的出现的影响。
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