2.What is the relative importance of within-country inequality and between-country inequality in explaining total world income inequality? Compared with within-country inequality, between-country inequality plays an important role in the income inequality among the world. According to the graph showing inequality from 1820 to 1990, it is evident that inequality between countries is a major source of income inequality. What's more, inequality between countries is increasing while inequality within acountry is constant and slightly decreasing. Many factors can be taken into consideration to account for the phenomenon. Between-country inequality is caused by institutions、technology、capitalaccumulation、educational leveland cultures. According to Solow‘s Growth Model, developing countries have a catch-up effect to decrease the inequality with developed countries. However, different institutions between developed countries and developing contries hinder the convergence of economics, andthe great difference of technology result in a great advantage of developed countries over developing countries, which leads to higher marginal productivity of developed countries over developing countries and increases the inequality. As for within-country inequality, the same institution、technology and culture make the growth pattern within a country more likely to correspond to Solow's Growth Model, causing the catch-up effect to achieve and decrease the inequality. For example, the gap between West Germany and East Germanyis becoming smallsincetheir unification.
Peter Bergen is CNN's national security analyst, a vice president at New America Foundation and professor of practice at Arizona State University. He is the author of "Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for bin Laden -- From 9/11 to Abbottabad." Emily Schneider is a research associate at New America. (CNN) -- In the many media stories about the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, much of the focus has rightly been on the thousands of foreign fighters ISIS has attracted, its brutal tactics and its robust social media presence. But an arguably even more important development has not received the attention it deserves: the group's widening influence across the Muslim world, driven by the numerous terrorist and insurgent organizations that have recently sworn loyalty to it.
(CNN) -- Air quality in most cities that monitor their pollution levels exceed what the World Health Organization deems as safe. Delhi has the highest level of the airborne particulate matter, PM2.5 considered most harmful to health, with 153 micrograms. Not far behind is another Indian city, Patna with 149 micrograms. These figures are six times what the WHO considers a "safe" limit -- which is 25 micrograms. Half of the top 20 cities in the world with the highest levels of PM2.5 were in India, according to the pollution data released by the WHO, which included 1,600 cities. Other cities with high levels were located in Pakistan and Bangladesh. How pollution affects weather patterns Global air pollution on the rise China tackles 'airpocalypse' Chinese school builds clean air dome PM2.5 refers to the diameter measured in microns of particulates such as ammonia, carbon, nitrates and sulfate -- which are small enough to pass into the bloodstream and cause diseases such as emphysema and cancer. The WHO data echoes an earlier study this year which found that air pollution in New Delhi is now worse than Beijing. No Chinese cities ranked in the top 20 most polluted cities, despite thick, gray smog filling its cities and millions of residents commuting behind surgical masks. Beijing reported 56 micrograms of PM2.5. This year, Chinese leaders have declared "war on pollution." Beijing's emergency measures amid fog of pollution Delhi has been described as having weak enforcement of pollution controls by India's Center for Science and Environment, a public interest group. "Originally designed as compact entities to reduce the length of travel ... (Indian cities) are becoming victims of killer pollution, congestion ... and a crippling car-dependent infrastructure," according to the group. And the world's most polluted city is... Air pollution has spread by increasing reliance on fossil fuels, coal-fired power plants, cars and the use of biomass for cooking and heating. Cities with the lowest level of pollution were located in Canada, the United States, Finland, Iceland and Sweden.
转载- 今天是郭小姐离开的第一千零一天。 作为一个脸盲，我不记得绝大多数人的长相。我曾经觉得过了这么久我一定会忘记她的样子，就像我忘记其他人那样，但事实上我没有。我经常梦到她，梦到多年后在陌生的城市久别重逢，在P大的食堂门口擦身而过，或者在现在的住处一回头发现她也在看着我。我很感激还能有这种机会再见到她，梦里她还是那么青春的样子。我猜她应该不知道我已经满脸胡子了。 有的时候从梦里没太醒过来。我就会想到底还有没有机会再见她一次，也许在某一次在我系好安全带之后会发现有个长得和她很像的女孩就坐在我的邻座，跟我一起去下一个目的地，然后她笑着对着诧异的我说很久不见。 当然这些都是白日梦，白日梦醒，我就又呆呆的回过神来。 很多年前郭小姐还是我女朋友的时候，我还是个屌丝宅男，最多也只会去一些近处走走，那个时候遥远得还没有屌丝、宅男这些词。她跟我说她爸爸去欧洲出差，她也想去欧洲。我当时对欧洲的景色几乎毫无概念，只知道去欧洲要好多钱，真不知道要多久才能去成。于是她告诉我说她出生的地方在喀纳斯湖，那里的湖水和森林就像欧洲一样。我只能模模糊糊的想象一艘船开在茫茫的湖面。 几年之后我来到德国国王湖，船开到半是积雪的湖中央，船员在山间吹号，声音响彻山谷，我就想起她说的喀纳斯湖来。再后来我来到加拿大的路易斯湖，八月的夏天满是积雪，我绕着湖慢跑，我又想起她说的喀纳斯湖。我猜这应该就是她想说的那个样子，不过我没法向她验证了。 郭小姐好像还知道很多在之后我会经历的事情，不光只是她给我讲过的美丽湖水。她和我说她喜欢莫奈的睡莲，有一家博物馆有一整间屋子都是莫奈的睡莲，不过她不记得是哪一家博物馆了。那个时候我连莫奈都不知道是谁，于是只记得睡莲。现在我也不记得是哪家博物馆了，也许是MoMA，也许是大都会，一间靠边的展厅，长长的好几个画板的绿色的色块，旁边不时有人在讲莫奈晚年几近失明的故事。第一眼看到那一片睡莲的时候我就想起郭小姐来，我于是默默的拍了好几张拼在一起的照片。 这么一想，我的生活里好像都是郭小姐的影子。每当我评论画评论人评论各种东西的时候我仿佛都会记得她跟我说过的话。我本来以为时光流逝，这些细节都会被我忘掉，但事实上这些细节却在被一遍遍的回忆，仿佛上年纪的老人反倒还能清晰的回忆起年轻的事情。我努力的想留下一点她存在过的痕迹，比如她帮我选的大衣、她送给我的香水，假装她还没走远。 可是她就是走远了。我想抓住回忆，能找到的只是零星几张和她的合影，以及梦里的擦身而过。有时我羡慕她能像照片里一样青春永驻，有时我神情呆滞的从她出现的梦中醒来，就像教父结尾里失去女儿的阿尔帕西诺，耳边听不到任何声响，思绪定格在悲伤的片刻。 她从我读grad school的开始就在我的生活中缺席。我想在我的博士论文扉页写上To Dearest Miss GUO Yue, I am observing the world on your behalf. 看上去还不够优雅，如果她能帮我改得更优雅一点就好了。 郭小姐离开的这一千零一天，我的生活里发生了好多故事。我想把发生的故事去过的地方看过的风景写下来讲给她听，虽然不会多么猎奇，但也许勉强够一个讲故事的本子。我还想告诉她我也喜欢上了别人，我又不喜欢了那些人，但我都会告诉那些人郭小姐是我一直爱的人。 一段段故事在被一代代人重复，一样的情感想必也早被别人写过了。想来想去，还是直接抄过来简单： 曾经沧海难为水 除却巫山不是云 取次花丛懒回顾 半缘修道半缘君
Beware, The Brent Vigilantes Are Coming Back Submitted by Tyler Durden on 05/08/2013 10:21 -0400 Bond China Crude Crude Oil Vigilantes Back in February we introduced the world to their last best hope in controlling the largesse of the world's central bankers . The 'Brent Vigilantes' were shown to have taken over the mantle of the now totally-repressed and benign bond vigilantes (since deficits don't matter apparently). Each time retail gas prices have breached $3.80 in the past six years, the SP 500 has crested (specifically the crossing of that threshold has seen P/E multiple expansion brought to a halt). With current gas prices around $3.53, we hear you cry, "what are you worried about?" Well, simply put, the answer lies in what is coming. Prices at the pump follow crude oil prices extremely closely with around a 30-day lag; the current WTI crude prices imply a price of gas at the pump around $3.80. So, if there is anything that can stop us from hitting 2,000 on the SP 500 (or Dow 30,000), we suspect it is the 'tax' that gas prices represent and we now know what the trajectory of those prices is likely to be in the next few weeks. Each time retail gas prices have topped $3.80, valuations (Fwd P/E) have also topped - not good news for a market driven solely by hope-driven multiple expansion... Especially as it would appear clear that gas prices at the pump are set to surge up to that $3.80 level once again... The Brent Vigilantes are on their way back... maybe that is what China is banking on? Charts: Bloomberg Goodbye Bond Vigilantes, Hello Brent Vigilantes Brent WTI Back To $20 - Some Thoughts On What's Next From Goldman Guest Post: Analysis of the Global Insurrection Against Neo-Liberal Economic Domination and the Coming American Rebellion Market Sentiment: Mixed SocGen Lays It Out: "EU Iran Embargo: Brent $125-150. Straits Of Hormuz Shut: $150-200"
The Evolution Of US And UK Central Banking: An Infographic Submitted by Tyler Durden on 12/03/2012 21:50 -0500 Federal Reserve United Kingdom Investors once knew: Focusing on assets without understanding monetary matters can get you into trouble. They have since forgotten this. Ironically, then, there’s great value in remembering it. As “Vermont Ruminator”, Humphrey B. Neill, wrote in The Art of Contrary Thinking: is a study in itself and one which still confuses the great minds of the world... ...because monetary problems are not comprehended by the public or by the average businessman, “money management” will continually cross up public opinions concerning economic trends... ...If you make it a point to become posted on some of the more common practices of monetary management you will …be able to discern trends that are opposite to those commonly discussed... This addogram delves into the evolution of the two most prominent reserve currencies of the past 350 years: The pound sterling and the dollar. It features visualizations of a collection of extremely rare (if not entirely unique) data-sets . The Bank of England’s assets and liabilities since Robert Peel’s Bank Act of 1844 (monthly). And the Federal Reserve System’s assets and liabilities since shortly after its creation (weekly). The yield, equity index and gold price section goes back as far as 1840 . This pairing of comprehensive monetary and asset price data gives the addogram an intensely practical feel. Click chart below for huge version... Click here for zoomable super hi-res version Put this on your wall and you’ll soon be operating from a 400-year context of price and monetary history. Chart courtesy of Addogram Average: 4.6 Your rating: None Average: 4.6 ( 5 votes) Tweet Login or register to post comments 6156 reads Printer-friendly version Send to friend Similar Articles You Might Enjoy: Guest Post: The Greatest Trick The Devil Ever Pulled Guest Post: Gold's Value Today CME Declares Force Majeure Due To “Operational Limitations” On NYC Gold Depository Gold’s Rise To Continue Above $2,500/oz On Negative Real Interest Rates Brodsky On Gold, 'Credit Money', And Real Return Investing
If The Market's Disconnect With Economic Reality is Over, Watch Out Below Submitted by Tyler Durden on 10/19/2012 18:14 -0400 Equity Markets Reality As market participants ponder the disappointing post-QEtc. performance on their 'Bernanke/Draghi-Put'-floored equities, perhaps these three charts will help in comprehending just how much hope there is in the world's equity markets. The disconnect from macro-fundamental is not unique, but has had significant and extremely rapid repercussions in the past. It seems, however, that just like AAPL, everyone believes everyone else to be the greater fool - and this time is different . Germany's DAX 'disconnected' from economic reality in 2007 (to the euphoric side) and in 2011 (to the dysphoric side). It seems once again that hope has taken over... The SP 500 also exhibits the same disconnect - though even more significantly... This happened before in the US... That didn't end so well either... Charts: Bloomberg Average: 5 Your rating: None Average: 5 ( 7 votes) Tweet Login or register to post comments 10272 reads Printer-friendly version Send to friend Similar Articles You Might Enjoy: All The Olympic Charts That's Fit To Print, And More Trade War Escalates: China Threatens US Over Renewable Energy The 4 Most Disconcerting Charts For European Equity Holders Europe 'Soars' To 4-Day High On Draghi 'Solution' Guest Post: Why QE Won't Create Inflation Quite As Expected
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