影响你一生的经典书籍章节推荐（不容错过）：邻居效应，neighborhood effects

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“…in a neighborhood with a paucity of regularly employed families and with the
overwhelming majority of families having spells of long term joblessness, people
experience a social isolation that excludes them from the job network system that
permeates other neighborhoods and that is so important in learning about or being
recommended for jobs…And as the prospects of employment diminish, other alternatives
such as welfare and the underground economy are not only increasingly relied on, they
come to be seen as a way of life…Thus in such neighborhoods the chances are
overwhelming that children will seldom interact on a sustained basis with people who are
employed or with families that have a sustained breadwinner. The net effect is that
joblessness, as a way of life, takes on a different social meaning: the relationship between
schooling and post-school employment takes on a different meaning. The development
of cognitive, linguistic and other education and job related skills necessary for the world
of work in the mainstream economy is thereby relatively adversely affected. In such
neighborhoods, therefore, teachers become frustrated and do not teach and children do
not learn. A vicious cycle is perpetuated through the family, through the community and
through the schools.”
William Julius Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged (1987, pg. 57)

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关键词：neighborhood effects Effect 经典书籍 不容错过 effects neighborhood

Mr. Wilson, a University of Chicago sociologist, finds that both liberal and conservative analyses of these issues have failed to accord sufficient importance to the role played by structural changes in the United States economy and related changes in the social fabric of inner cities. He describes how liberal architects of the Great Society acted as though various education, training and community development programs would themselves shrink poverty dramatically, almost independent of economic trends. Yet in virtually every year that unemployment has risen and wages have fallen, poverty has grown worse; when the economy has picked up, poverty has lessened. Furthermore, recent research has established that when the economy turns down and unemployment increases, black men are hurt most. It should be no surprise that when unemployment rates doubled between the late 1960's and the 1980's, poverty did not diminish, confounding the hopes of Great Society planners.

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