不平等加剧与经济衰退下的两极分化

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摘要翻译：
在许多社会中，社会和政治两极分化是冲突和治理不善的一个重要根源。因此，了解其原因已成为许多学科学者的优先事项。在这里，我们证明了类似于政治两极分化和身份政治的社会化策略的转变可以作为对财富不平等加剧和经济衰退的局部有益的反应而出现。采用文化进化的视角，我们建立了一个框架来研究在变化的经济环境下两极分化的出现。在许多情况下，与不同的外部群体互动比只与同质的内部群体互动更能从创新和探索中获得好处。然而，当经济环境有利于规避风险时，寻求低风险互动的策略对维持个人偿付能力可能很重要。为了捕捉这一动态，我们假设群体内的互动有一个较低的预期结果，但一个更确定的结果。因此，小组内的互动比小组外的互动风险更小。我们的模型表明，在经济衰退或财富不平等加剧的情况下，一些人口成员通过采取规避风险的、群体内的偏好策略而受益。此外，我们还表明，这种群体内极化可以迅速蔓延到整个种群，即使产生这种极化的条件发生逆转，这种极化也会持续存在。最后，我们为收入不平等作为美国情感两极分化驱动力的作用提供了实证支持，反映了一个发达民主国家小组的发现。我们的工作提供了一个框架来研究不同的力量如何通过文化进化相互作用来塑造身份模式，并统一了通常被视为对政治两极分化的冲突解释：身份威胁与经济焦虑。
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英文标题：
《Polarization under rising inequality and economic decline》
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作者：
Alexander J. Stewart, Nolan McCarty and Joanna J. Bryson
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最新提交年份：
2020
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分类信息：

一级分类：Economics        经济学
二级分类：General Economics        一般经济学
分类描述：General methodological, applied, and empirical contributions to economics.
对经济学的一般方法、应用和经验贡献。
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一级分类：Physics        物理学
二级分类：Physics and Society        物理学与社会
分类描述：Structure, dynamics and collective behavior of societies and groups (human or otherwise). Quantitative analysis of social networks and other complex networks. Physics and engineering of infrastructure and systems of broad societal impact (e.g., energy grids, transportation networks).
社会和团体（人类或其他）的结构、动态和集体行为。社会网络和其他复杂网络的定量分析。具有广泛社会影响的基础设施和系统（如能源网、运输网络）的物理和工程。
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一级分类：Quantitative Biology        数量生物学
二级分类：Populations and Evolution        种群与进化
分类描述：Population dynamics, spatio-temporal and epidemiological models, dynamic speciation, co-evolution, biodiversity, foodwebs, aging; molecular evolution and phylogeny; directed evolution; origin of life
种群动力学；时空和流行病学模型；动态物种形成；协同进化；生物多样性；食物网；老龄化；分子进化和系统发育；定向进化；生命起源
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一级分类：Quantitative Finance        数量金融学
二级分类：Economics        经济学
分类描述：q-fin.EC is an alias for econ.GN. Economics, including micro and macro economics, international economics, theory of the firm, labor economics, and other economic topics outside finance
q-fin.ec是econ.gn的别名。经济学，包括微观和宏观经济学、国际经济学、企业理论、劳动经济学和其他金融以外的经济专题
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英文摘要：
  Social and political polarization is a significant source of conflict and poor governance in many societies. Thus, understanding its causes has become a priority of scholars across many disciplines. Here we demonstrate that shifts in socialization strategies analogous to political polarization and identity politics can arise as a locally-beneficial response to both rising wealth inequality and economic decline. Adopting a perspective of cultural evolution, we develop a framework to study the emergence of polarization under shifting economic environments. In many contexts, interacting with diverse out-groups confers benefits from innovation and exploration greater than those that arise from interacting exclusively with a homogeneous in-group. However, when the economic environment favors risk-aversion, a strategy of seeking low-risk interactions can be important to maintaining individual solvency. To capture this dynamic, we assume that in-group interactions have a lower expected outcome, but a more certain one. Thus in-group interactions are less risky than out-group interactions. Our model shows that under conditions of economic decline or increasing wealth inequality, some members of the population benefit from adopting a risk-averse, in-group favoring strategy. Moreover, we show that such in-group polarization can spread rapidly to the whole population and persist even when the conditions that produced it have reversed. Finally we offer empirical support for the role of income inequality as a driver of affective polarization in the United States, mirroring findings on a panel of developed democracies. Our work provides a framework for studying how disparate forces interplay, via cultural evolution, to shape patterns of identity, and unifies what are often seen as conflicting explanations for political polarization: identity threat versus economic anxiety.
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PDF链接：
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.11477

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关键词：两极分化 经济衰退 不平等 Polarization interactions polarization 群体 冲突 经济衰退 风险