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Lectures On Microeconomic Theory(malinvaud).pdf
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Contents
Introduction to the series v
Preface vii
Chapter 1. Conceptual framework of microeconomic theory 1_
1. Object of the theory 1
2. Goods, agents, economy 2
3. Possible interpretations of the concept of a good 5
4. Descriptive relevance of the accounting economy 9
5. The demands of rigour and simplicity 10
Chapter 2. The consumer 12
1. Outline of the theory 12
2. The utility function 14
3. Utility function and preference relation 16
4. The feasible set 20
5. Assumptions about the utility function 24
6. The existence of equilibrium and demand functions 26
7. Marginal properties of equilibrium 29
8. The case where the marginal equalities are sufficient to determine equilibrium 31
9. The study of demand functions 34
10. Cardinal utility 40
11. The axiom of revealed preference 41
Chapter 3. The producer 45
1. Definitions 45
2. The validity of production functions 50
3. Assumptions about production sets 53
4. Equilibrium for the firm in perfect competition 57
5. The case of additional constraints 61
6. Supply and demand laws for the firm 64
7. Cost functions 66
8. Short and long-run decisions 71
9. Monopoly 73
Chapter 4. Optimum theory 79
1. Definition of optimal states 79
2. Prices associated with a distribution optimum 82
3. A geometric representation 85
4. The optimality of market equilibria 88
5. Production optimum 90
6. Increasing returns and concave isoquants 95
7. Pareto optimality 97
8. Optimum and social utility function 99
9. The relevance of optimum theory 103
10. Separation theorem justifying the existence of prices associated with an
optimum 105
Chapter 5. Competitive equilibrium 110
1. Introduction 110
2. Equilibrium equations for a distribution economy 111
3. Equilibrium equations for an exchange economy 114
4. Value, scarcity and utility 119
5. Value and cost 123
6. Equilibrium equations in a private ownership economy 129
7. Prices and income distribution 131
8. The existence of a general equilibrium 135
9. The uniqueness of equilibrium 142
10. The realisation and stability of equilibrium 144
Chapter 6. Imperfect competition and game situations 150
1. The general model of the theory of games 151
2. Bilateral monopoly 154
3. Duopoly 157
4. The bargaining problem 160
5. Coalitions and solutions 164
6. Arbitrage and exchange between individuals 167
7. The core in the exchange economy 170
8. Market games 174
9. Laboratory experiments 177
10. Monopolistic competition 179
11. What firms exist? 182
Chapter 7. Economies with an infinite number of agents 184
1. 'Atomless' economies 184
2. Convexities 186
3. The theory of the optimum 189
4. Perfect competition in atomless economies 191
5. Domination and free entry 196
6. Return to the theories of monopoly and duopoly 202
7. Who are price takers? 205
Chapter 8. Determination of an optimum 207
1. The problem 207
2. General principles 208
3. Tatonnement procedure 210
4. A procedure with quantitative objectives 213
5. A procedure involving the use of a model by the planning board 216
Contents xi
6. Correct revelation of preferences 220
7. The theory of social choice 223
Chapter 9. External economies, public goods, fixed costs 229
1. General remarks 229
2. External effects 232
3. Collective consumption 241
4. Public service subject to congestion 248
5. Public service with fixed cost 250
6. Redistribution and second best optimum 260
Chapter 10. Intertemporal economies 264
(A) A date for each commodity 265
1. Market prices and interest rates 265
2. The consumer 268
3. The firm
4. A positive theory of interest 273
5. Temporary equilibrium 276
6. Optimum programmes and the discounting of values 279
7. Optimality in Allais' sense 281
(B) Production specific to each period 285
1. The analysis of production by periods 286
2. Intertemporal efficiency 287
3. Interest and profit 290
4. Short-sighted decisions and transferability of capital 294
5. Efficient stationary states and proportional growth programmes 297
6. Capitalistic optimum 300
7. The theory of interest once again 303
8. Overlapping generations and stationary equilibria 307
Chapter 11. Uncertainty 315
1. States and events 315
2. Contingent commodities and plans 317
3. The system of contingent prices 319
4. Individual behaviour in the face of uncertainty 322
5. Linear utility for the choice between random prospects 324
6. The existence of a linear utility function 327
7. Risk premiums and the degree of aversion to risk 333
8. The exchange of risks 335
9. Individual risks and large numbers of agents 337
10. Profit and allocation of risks 339
11. Firms' decisions and financial equilibria 340
Chapter 12. Information 347
1. The state of information 348
2. When to decide? 349
3. The diversity of individual states of information 351
4. Self-selection 352
5. Transmission of information through prices 355
271
xii Contents
6. Speculation 357
7. The search for information 360
8. Multiplicity of prices 362
Conclusion 364
Appendix. The extrema of functions of several variables with or
without constraint on the variables, by J.-C. Milleron 365
1. Useful definitions 365
2. Unconstrained maximum of a function of several variables 368
3. Extremum subject to constraints of the form <7y(x) = 0; j = 1,2,..., m 370
4. Extremum subject to constraints of the form ^(x) ^0; j= 1,..., m 375
Index 381
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