[提问]微观经济学十八讲17：外在性，科斯定理与公共理论

是 否 +2 论坛币

k人 参与回答

经管之家送您一份

应届毕业生专属福利!

求职就业群

赵安豆老师微信：zhaoandou666

经管之家联合CDA

送您一个全额奖学金名额~ !

立即领取

感谢您参与论坛问题回答

经管之家送您两个论坛币！

+2 论坛币

这一章  我想你也知道，其实从上一章开始我们已经进入了高级微观，即传说中的数理经济学。是不是感觉证明过程很复杂呢？

在基础微观或者部分中级微观，paper或许你哈感觉不到他的意义，但是到了高级微观你会情不自禁的注意到这个东西。

求论文几篇：

一开始平新乔就把兰姆塞（F.Ramsey)的三篇论文说的那么神奇。

01  1926年写的关于不确定条件下效用的衡量问题（博弈论的诞生是因为这篇文章）

02  1927年的《对税收理论的贡献》

03  1928年写的《储蓄的数学理论》

（第二篇和第三篇与95 96年的诺贝尔经济学奖杯链接。）


这三篇文章无疑引起了我极大的兴趣。


04  老萨的论文三篇



05  科斯的论文（已找到）



06 国内水准也看看




07 这本书也很有兴趣  



08



09



10



11





说明
01每篇文章20论坛币.（happy哥的奖励与本奖励无关，论文设置免费，另传一个空白txt设置相关价格即可）
02请给出每篇文章的大致介绍（一层楼就只放一篇吧，这样更简洁明了哈）。
03授人以鱼不如授人以渔，可否推荐几个找这样文献的网站。



在这一章节里，你有什么样的疑惑也可以在帖子下方留言提问。

每一次读完一章，不管我有什么样的疑问，简单的，复杂的都证明我在进步，不是么？
每一次你看我的帖子，不管你是高手，初学者，我们都一同见证，这个进步的过程！

扫码加我 拉你入群

请注明：姓名-公司-职位

以便审核进群资格，未注明则拒绝

分享0 收藏2 回帖

关键词：微观经济学十八讲 经济学十八讲 微观经济学 微观经济 科斯定理 经济学

The_Problem_of_Social_Cost.rar (1.42 MB) 本附件包括：

• The_Problem_of_Social_Cost.pdf

2012-5-27 20:33:33 上传

Optimal_Departures_from_MC_Pricing[1].rar (2.51 MB) 本附件包括：

• Optimal_Departures_from_MC_Pricing[1].pdf

2012-5-27 20:39:01 上传

A_Difficulty_in_the_Concept_of_Social_Welfare.rar (2.53 MB) 本附件包括：

• A_Difficulty_in_the_Concept_of_Social_Welfare.pdf

2012-5-27 20:42:48 上传

占楼，我的问题还没有提出来
高微明显难度大

A mathematical theory of saving

This significant paper was published in The Economic Journal, and involved "a strategically beautiful application of the calculus of variations" (Paul Samuelson) in order to determine the optimal amount an economy should invest (save) rather than consume so as to maximize future utility, or in Ramsey’s words "how much of its income should a nation save?" (Ramsey, 1928).

Keynes described the article as "one of the most remarkable contributions to mathematical economics ever made, both in respect of the intrinsic importance and difficulty of its subject, the power and elegance of the technical methods employed, and the clear purity of illumination with which the writer's mind is felt by the reader to play about its subject. The article is terribly difficult reading for an economist, but it is not difficult to appreciate how scientific and aesthetic qualities are combined in it together" (Keynes 1933). The Ramsey model is today acknowledged as the starting point for optimal accumulation theory although its importance was not recognized until many years after its first publication.

The main contributions of the model were firstly the initial question Ramsey posed on how much savings should be and secondly the method of analysis, the intertemporal maximization (optimization) of collective or individual utility by applying techniques of dynamic optimization. Tjalling C. Koopmans and David Cass modified the Ramsey model incorporating the dynamic features of population growth at a steady rate and of Harrod-neutral technical progress again at a steady rate, giving birth to a model named the Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model where the objective now is to maximize household’s utility function.


A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Saving.rar (1.45 MB) 本附件包括：

• A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Saving.pdf

2012-5-28 17:13:00 上传

A contribution to the theory of taxation

In this paper Ramsey's contribution to economic theory was the elegant concept of Ramsey pricing. This is applicable in situations where a (regulated) monopolist wants to maximize consumer surplus whilst at the same time ensuring that its costs are adequately covered. This is achieved by setting the price such that the markup over marginal cost is inversely proportional to the price elasticity of demand for that good. Like its predecessor this paper was published in The Economic Journal in 1927. Ramsey poses the question that is to be solved at the beginning of the article: "a given revenue is to be raised by proportionate taxes on some or all uses of income, the taxes on different uses being possibly at different rates; how much should these rates be adjusted in order that the decrement of utility may be a minimum?" (Ramsey 1927). The problem was suggested to him by the economist Arthur Pigou and the paper was Ramsey’s answer to the problem.


A_Contribution_to_the_Theory_of_Taxation-Ramsey_1927(著名的拉姆塞定价).rar (490.46 KB) 本附件包括：

• A_Contribution_to_the_Theory_of_Taxation-Ramsey_1927(著名的拉姆塞定价).pdf

2012-5-28 17:14:09 上传

Truth and probability

Keynes in his Treatise on Probability (1921) argued against the subjective approach in epistemic probabilities. For Keynes, subjectivity of probabilities doesn’t matter as much, as for him there is an objective relationship between knowledge and probabilities, as knowledge is disembodied and not personal.

Ramsey in his article disagrees with Keynes’s approach as for him there is a difference between the notions of probability in physics and in logic. For Ramsey probability is not related to a disembodied body of knowledge but is related to the knowledge that each individual possesses alone. Thus personal beliefs that are formulated by this individual knowledge govern probabilities leading to the notion of subjective probability. Consequently, subjective probabilities can be inferred by observing actions that reflect individuals' personal beliefs. Ramsey argued that the degree of probability that an individual attaches to a particular outcome can be measured by finding what odds the individual would accept when betting on that outcome.

Ramsey suggested a way of deriving a consistent theory of choice under uncertainty that could isolate beliefs from preferences while still maintaining subjective probabilities.

Despite the fact that Ramsey’s work on probabilities was of great importance again no one paid any attention to it until the publication of Theory of Games and Economic Behavior of John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern in 1944 (1947 2nd ed.)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra ... al_theory_of_saving