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英文文献：Evaluation of Sanitation Improvement Projects in Unplanned Settlements-评价非计划住区的卫生改善项目
英文文献作者：J.M. Kessy
英文文献摘要：
In developing countries, high population growth rates in urban areas coupled with inadequate government coping strategies led to an increase in the formation of unplanned settlements associated with inadequate social and technical infrastructure. The social infrastructure includes education, health, security, etc. while technical infrastructure includes roads, drainage systems, electricity, telecommunication, water and sanitation. Unplanned settlements, most of the times informally occupied, lack such infrastructure or when present is inadequate due to lack of space for facility location. Sanitation, one of the components of infrastructure seems to be inadequate and if provided is poor. In areas where water table is high this results into frequent emptying of toilets. This situation is made worse due to financial and spatial constraints faced by most of the people living in these settlements. Previous sanitation researches done on the availability of toilets in various areas in the city of Dar es Salaam, particularly in Zamcargo settlement, show that many households were living without latrines, or two to three households were sharing one. This has been one of the sources of diseases such as cholera, typhoid, diarrhea and dysentery. The same researches reported that most of the residents of these areas lack sanitation education or cannot afford the construction of improved latrines. To address this problem, a project on construction of ecological sanitation toilets (ECOSAN toilets) for demonstration was initiated and implemented at Zamcargo settlement and financed by Water-Aid-Tanzania (an NGO). This paper, therefore, presents an evaluation of the impacts of ECOSAN toilet project to the Zamcargo community in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Through observations in the field and discussions with beneficiaries it became obvious that improved sanitation led to significant and tangible impacts in their lives. It was noted also that water from wells, which was the only source of water in the area, has not been contaminated anymore.
在发展中国家，城市地区的高人口增长率加上政府应付战略不足，导致与社会和技术基础设施不足有关的无规划住区增加。社会基础设施包括教育、卫生、安全等，而技术基础设施包括道路、排水系统、电力、电信、水和卫生设施。没有规划的居住点，大多数时候是被非正式占领的，缺乏这样的基础设施，或者由于缺乏空间设施的位置而存在不足。作为基础设施的组成部分之一的卫生设施似乎不足，而且如果提供的话也很差。在地下水位高的地区，这导致厕所频繁排空。由于居住在这些定居点的大多数人所面临的财政和空间限制，这种情况更加恶化。以前对达累斯萨拉姆各地区，特别是Zamcargo居民点的厕所可用性进行的卫生研究表明，许多家庭生活在没有厕所的情况下，或两至三户共用一个厕所。这是霍乱、伤寒、腹泻和痢疾等疾病的来源之一。同样的研究报告说，这些地区的大多数居民缺乏卫生教育，或者没有能力建造改进的厕所。为了解决这一问题，在Zamcargo定居点启动并执行了一个建设生态卫生厕所(ECOSAN厕所)的示范项目，由坦桑尼亚水援助组织(一个非政府组织)提供资金。因此，本文对ECOSAN厕所项目对坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆Zamcargo社区的影响进行了评估。通过实地观察和与受益者的讨论，显然卫生条件的改善对他们的生活产生了重大和切实的影响。他们还注意到，井水是该地区唯一的水源，已不再受到污染。
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