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雷达卡
Something’s Wrong!
Indications that something’s not right
message: A generic notification/diagnostic message produced by the message function;execution of the function continues
warning: An indication that something is wrong but not necessarily fatal; execution of thefunction continues; generated by the warning function
error: An indication that a fatal problem has occurred; execution stops; produced by the stop function
condition: A generic concept for indicating that something unexpected can occur; programmers can create their own conditions
How do you know that something is wrong with your function?
What was your input?
How did you call the function?
What were you expecting? Output, messages, other results?
What did you get?
How does what you get differ from what you were expecting?
Were your expectations correct in the first place?
Can you reproduce the problem (exactly)?
Debugging Tools in R
The primary tools for debugging functions in R are：
traceback: prints out the function call stack after an error occurs; does nothing if there’s no error
debug: flags a function for “debug” mode which allows you to step through execution of a functionone line at a time
browser: suspends the execution of a function wherever it is called and puts the function indebug mode
trace: allows you to insert debugging code into a function a specific places
recover: allows you to modify the error behavior so that you can browse the function call stack
These are interactive tools specifically designed to allow you to pick through a function. There’s alsothe more blunt technique of inserting print/cat statements in the function.
traceback
> lm(y ~ x)
Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos) : object ’y’ not found
> traceback()
7: eval(expr, envir, enclos)
6: eval(predvars, data, env)
5: model.frame.default(formula = y ~ x, drop.unused.levels = TRUE)
4: model.frame(formula = y ~ x, drop.unused.levels = TRUE)
3: eval(expr, envir, enclos)
2: eval(mf, parent.frame())
1: lm(y ~ x)
debug
> debug(lm)
> lm(y ~ x)
debugging in: lm(y ~ x)
debug: {
ret.x <- x
ret.y <- y
cl <- match.call()
...
if (!qr)
z$qr <- NULL
z
}
Browse[
2]>
Browse[2]> n
debug: ret.x <- x
Browse[2]> n
debug: ret.y <- y
Browse[2]> n
debug: cl <- match.call()
Browse[2]> n
debug: mf <- match.call(expand.dots = FALSE)
Browse[2]> n
debug: m <- match(c("formula", "data", "subset", "weights", "na.action",
"offset"), names(mf), 0L)
recover
> options(error = recover)
> read.csv("nosuchfile")
Error in file(file, "rt") : cannot open the connection
In addition: Warning message:
In file(file, "rt") :
cannot open file ’nosuchfile’: No such file or directory
Enter a frame number, or 0 to exit
1: read.csv("nosuchfile")
2: read.table(file = file, header = header, sep = sep, quote = quote, dec =
3: file(file, "rt")
Selection:
Summary
There are three main indications of a problem/condition: message, warning, error- only an error is fatal
When analyzing a function with a problem, make sure you can reproduce the problem, clearly state your expectations and how the output differs from your expectation
Interactive debugging tools traceback, debug, browser, trace, and recover can be used to find problematic code in functions
Debugging tools are not a substitute for thinking!
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