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【阳民教书笔记：诺斯著作《暴力与社会秩序》精华欣赏】
1，当今世界上大约有25个国家中的占世界人口的15%的人生活在开放现代社会里，而剩下的仍然有85%的人口生活在自然传统国家。
原文：Perhaps twenty-five countries and maybe fifteen percent of the world’s population live in open access societies, and the rest, about eighty-five percent of the world, live in natural states still.
2，自然传统国家常常使用政治系统去规制经济竞争与创设经济租金，并通过这些租金去规范社会关系、控制暴力以及建立社会合作秩序等。
原文：Natural states used the political system to regulate economic competition and create economic rents. It then used these rents to order social relationships, control violence, and establish social cooperation
3，依靠少数精英的政治、宗教、经济等组织形式进行统治的模式就是单纯追求他们自己的大多数社会利益，而剩下的普通大众——二等公民——奴隶、农奴或没有任何产权权的个人等则没有任何收益。
原文：In one, a small percentage of the population are elites. They control a system, whether in political, religious, or economic organizations. They capture most of the gains of the society and so the rest of the society are generally second-class citizens—slaves, serfs, or just persons with no particular property rights.
4，因为暴力一旦爆发，精英们获取的经济租金就会急剧减少，因此，精英们为了自己的利益也会相互之间施以可置信的承诺以便限制暴力。
原文：Because these rents are reduced if violence breaks out, rent creation enabled elites to credibly commit to each other to limit violence.
5，刚刚从暴力占主导地位被一系列逐渐演化维护秩序的制度取代之时往往是一个国家最脆弱的时候。
原文：A fragile natural state is one that has just emerged from having violence be dominant and has replaced it with a set of institutions that allow it very gradually to maintain order.
6，在一个开放现代社会，社会秩序往往是通过竞争、制度和信仰的相互作用而维持，军队的控制集中在ZF，而对ZF的控制则既须政治竞争也须制度约束。如果有人试图用ZF来胁迫公民，无论是直接使用武力还是通过经济利益间接操纵，其结果必然是导致激活现有组织或新兴组织调动经济与社会资源建立控制政治体制的新系统——政治竞争。
原文：In an open access society, social order is maintained through the interaction of competition, institutions, and beliefs. Control of the military is concentrated in government, and control over the government is subject both to political competition and institutional constraints. Attempts to use government to coerce citizens, either directly through the use of military force or indirectly through manipulation of economic interests, result in the activation of existing organizations or creation of new organizations that mobilize economic and social resources to establish control over the political system.
未完待续……
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