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雷达卡
如何列出随机数据————
Creating sample data is a common task performed in many different scenarios.
R has several base functions that make the sampling process quite easy and fast.
Below is an explanation of the main functions used in the current set of exercices:
1. set.seed() – Although R executes a random mechanism of sample creation, set.seed() function allows us to reproduce the exact sample each time we execute a random-related function.
2. sample() – Sampling function. The arguments of the function are:
x – a vector of values,
size – sample size
replace – Either use a chosen value more than once or not
prob – the probabilities of each value in the input vector.
3. seq()/seq.Date() – Create a sequence of values/dates, ranging from a ‘start’ to an ‘end’ value.
4. rep() – Repeat a value/vector n times.
5. rev() – Revert the values within a vector.
You can get additional explanations for those functions by adding a ‘?’ prior to each function’s name.
Answers to the exercises are available here.
If you have different solutions, feel free to post them.
Exercise 1
1. Set seed with value 1235
2. Create a Bernoulli sample of 100 ‘fair coin’ flippings.
Populate a variable called fair_coin with the sample results.
Exercise 2
1. Set seed with value 2312
2. Create a sample of 10 integers, based on a vector ranging from 8 thru 19.
Allow the sample to have repeated values.
Populate a variable called hourselect1 with the sample results
Exercise 3
1. Create a vector variable called probs with the following probabilities:
‘0.05,0.08,0.16,0.17,0.18,0.14,0.08,0.06,0.03,0.03,0.01,0.01’
2. Make sure the sum of the vector equals 1.
Exercise 4
1. Set seed with value 1976
2. Create a sample of 10 integers, based on a vector ranging from 8 thru 19.
Allow the sample to have repeated values and use the probabilities defined in the previous question.
Populate a variable called hourselect2 with the sample results
Exercise 5
Let’s prepare the variables for a biased coin:
1. Populate a variable called coin with 5 zeros in a row and 5 ones in a row
2. Populate a variable called probs having 5 times value ‘0.08’ in a row and 5 times value ‘0.12’ in a row.
3. Make sure the sum of probabilities on probs variable equals 1.
Exercise 6
1. Set seed with value 345124
2. Create a biased sample of length 100, having as input the coin vector, and as probabilities probs vector of probabilities.
Populate a variable called biased_coin with the sample results.
Exercise 7
Compare the sum of values in fair_coin and biased_coin
Exercise 8
1. Create a ‘Date’ variable called startDate with value 9th of February 2010 and a second ‘Date’ variable called endDate with value 9th of February 2005
2. Create a descending sequence of dates having all 9th’s of the month between those two dates. Populate a variable called seqDates with the sequence of dates.
Exercise 9
Revert the sequence of dates created in the previous question, so they are in ascending order and place them in a variable called RevSeqDates
Exercise 10
1. Set seed with value 10
2. Create a sample of 20 unique values from the RevSeqDates vector.
答案
Below are the solutions to these exercises on creating a sample dataset.
##################### ## Exercise 1 ## #####################set.seed(1235)fair_coin <- sample(c(0,1), 100, replace = TRUE)##################### ## Exercise 2 ## #####################set.seed(2312)hourselect1 <- sample(c(8:19),10,replace=TRUE)hourselect1## [1] 14 19 16 18 13 15 8 10 10 16
##################### ## Exercise 3 ## #####################probs <- c(0.05,0.08,0.16,0.17,0.18,0.14,0.08,0.06,0.03,0.03,0.01,0.01)sum(probs)
## [1] 1
##################### ## Exercise 4 ## #####################set.seed(1976)hourselect2 <- sample(c(8:19),10,replace=TRUE,prob = probs)hourselect2
## [1] 15 11 12 15 12 9 14 12 10 9
##################### ## Exercise 5 ## #####################coin <- rep(c(0,1),each=5)coin
## [1] 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
probs <- rep(c(0.08,0.12),each=5)sum(probs)
## [1] 1
##################### ## Exercise 6 ## #####################set.seed(345124)biased_coin <- sample(coin, 100, replace = TRUE,prob=probs)##################### ## Exercise 7 ## #####################sum(fair_coin)
## [1] 52
sum(biased_coin)
## [1] 63
##################### ## Exercise 8 ## #####################startDate <- as.Date("2010-02-09")endDate <- as.Date("2005-02-09")seqDates <- seq.Date(startDate, endDate, by = "-1 month")##################### ## Exercise 9 ## #####################RevSeqDates <- rev(seqDates)##################### ## Exercise 10 ## #####################set.seed(10)sample(RevSeqDates,20,replace=FALSE)
## [1] "2007-08-09" "2006-08-09" "2007-03-09" "2008-06-09" "2005-06-09"## [6] "2006-02-09" "2006-05-09" "2006-04-09" "2007-10-09" "2006-12-09"## [11] "2007-11-09" "2007-06-09" "2005-07-09" "2009-03-09" "2006-06-09"## [16] "2006-09-09" "2005-04-09" "2006-01-09" [size=0.85em]"2006-07-09" "2008-01-09"
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