垂直创新与水平创新

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各位大佬可不可以给出水平创新以及垂直创新的详细定义，对于Romer和Jones的那两篇文章真心表示看不明白。
现在大概明白的是水平创新可能跟创新产品的种类和数量有联系，垂直创新可能只针对一种产品？求大佬指点迷津

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关键词：Romer Jones 创新产品 ones 指点迷津 文章 创新 产品 种类

熊彼特增长理论强调经济增长主要是通过水平创新和垂直创新两种模式
实现的。水平创新是指通过研发使得生产投入品的种类不断增加, 这又进一
步促进了专业化 , 进而促进了技术进步和经济增长 。垂直创新是指通过研发
使得产品质量不断提高 , 质量高的产品逐步将质量低的产品排挤出市场 , 进
而推动技术进步。水平创新模型也被称为种类扩张模型 (v ariety ex pansion
model), 而垂直创新模型也被称为质量梯子模型 (quality ladde r m odel)。相
对于水平创新框架而言, 垂直创新框架具有以下两个特点:(1)垂直创新框
架中有不确定性 (unce rtainty), 通常的 , 我们假定创新发生率 (inno vation
arrival rate)服从泊松过程 , 而这种不确定性使得理论与现实经济更相符;
(2)垂直创新框架下的创新是一个创造性毁灭的过程, 创新成功的企业会将原
来的企业排挤出市场, 成为新的垄断者。因此, 企业在做投资决策时, 必须将
其创新成功的概率以及其被将来被排挤出市场的概率考虑到, 也即企业具有完
美预期 (perfect foresight)。水平创新框架的优点在于其简洁性, 这使得其成为
分析一系列问题的重要框架 。当然, 也正是因为其简洁性, 使得其分析在一些
问题时受限 。例如, 相对于水平创新框架而言, 垂直创新框架更适合分析经济
增长过程中 “领导者” (leader)与 “追随者” (follower)的竞争问题等 。（严成樑和龚六堂，2009）

维基百科：Vertical innovation approach[edit]
Vertical innovation ideally takes place at one location, providing many points of collaboration, continuity in communication and helps ensure confidentiality. Co-located skill groups have individuals participating in each of the typical development stages: Market Analysis, Customer Insights, Ideation and Design, Engineering and Prototyping, Packaging and Retail Experience, Sourcing and Production Support. This allows for continual improvement and optimization at many points along the development process, while providing shortened development timelines. The vertical innovation approach also encourages random connections between different skill sets to provide the best chances for new and innovative advancements.

A real-life example of a physical space that encourages creative collaboration is the building that houses Pixar, the computer animation studio that created innovative, Academy-award-winning blockbuster films like Toy Story, Monsters and Finding Nemo. As Walter Isaacson writes in his biography of Steve Jobs, Jobs designed the Pixar building to promote chance encounters and unplanned collaborations. "If a building doesn't encourage that, you'll lose a lot of innovation and magic that's sparked by serendipity," Jobs said. "So we designed the building to make people get out of their offices and mingle in the central atrium with people they might not otherwise see." The front doors and main stairs and corridors all lead to a central atrium, where a cafe and employee mailboxes are located as well. John Lasseter, Chief Creative Officer at Pixar, confirmed the success of the building’s layout: 'Steve's theory worked from day one. I kept running into people I hadn't seen for months. I've never seen a building that promoted collaboration and creativity as well as this one.'