聂辉华 发表于 2009-9-25 08:23 
效率与情感的两难冲突
我们感兴趣的问题是,私营企业关心效率和利润,而政府关心就业和选民情感。看起来,两者经常有点水火不相容。最低工资立法就集中反映了这种冲突。我在想,是不是存在一种也许两全其美的方案:经济低潮时,降低工资但是不解雇人,等经济繁荣时逐步提高工资并根据市场需求调整雇佣人数。这样做,经济衰退时,企业的边际成本并没有增加,增加的是企业的固定成本,但是这并未损失效率。等经济好转时,调整边际工资但是将以前多支出的固定工资逐步摊销。这其实是一种动态优化。理论上肯定没有问题,有问题的是工人存在的工资刚性、工会的强硬态度以及政府的承诺可能会导致动态效率无法实现。
由于政府、工人和私营企业之间不存在一个有约束力的承诺协议,因此上述方案难以在美国实现。但是却有可能在中国实现,因为中国有庞大的国有企业。过去,国有企业主张“两个人的活三个人干”,其实就是牺牲效率换取情感和政绩。问题在于,我们将一种临时举措长期化了,因此也就损害长期效率了。
The solution you proposed does exist in the U.S.. After subprime debt crisis, most companies chose to lay off employees, such as Wall Street monsters, while there were still some companies froze new hiring and salary such as Microsoft. Furthermore, there were companies that did both.
To freeze or reduce salary is a more common practice in the U.S. than in China. The biggest 4 accouting firms, for instance, raise salaries more than 10% annully in China, while only 2-3% in the U.S., a rate that approximately matches inflation rate. Unless you get a promotion, your salary will probably remain unchaged for years. For those who want to spend more time with their families or those who lose career ambitions , they also prefer a demotion in rank or a reduction in wage.
The strength of labor unions also play an important role to some extent. Take a large manafacturing company, say, CAT, as an example, the company is more likely to fire employees in headquarters with supporting functions, but reluctant to fire workers in factories or plants. The reason is simple: the workers in plants usually have formed strong unions while office staffs not.