请he-zr为中国开疆辟土

美国的联邦制，类似联合国的体制，就是借鉴了印第安部落的联合酋长国之类的政权体制，在那个基础上逐渐形成的。联邦制的政权体制是西方人和土著学来的，所以完全不同于宗主国的君主制。

所以今天的北美全是联邦制，其他大陆（在移民时代之前）全部是集权制

所以说，土著部落是有政权的，有政权自然就有土地所有权。

旧时代的政治正确是污蔑印第安是蛮族，剥夺他们的土地，否认他们的文化，不仅实施种族灭绝，而且实施长期的语言、文化灭绝政策

新时代的政治正确是承认印第安是原有土地的所有者，在一些重大活动或者官方聚会的场所，开场白就是表示感谢最初土地所有者印第安部落的馈赠和分享，所以今天所以人可以站在这片土地上。

wzwswswz 发表于 2017-12-5 23:22
你才是胡说八道呢！你说的话哪有事实根据？你拿的出来吗？
我再给你看一个证据，你敢反驳吗？你反驳得了 ...

这张图能说明什么？不就说明北美印第安人什么地方适宜干什么，此外还有什么？

xiaosyu 发表于 2017-12-5 23:33
垦荒是开辟新的耕地，问题是印第安人已经吃得很好了，为什么要费力去种植更多的地？他们部落没有那 ...

这能改变印第安人整体靠游猎为生的事实吗？

he_zr 发表于 2017-12-6 01:01
这能改变印第安人整体靠游猎为生的事实吗？

加拿大1907年官方公布的报告已经证实了有关印第安人主要是游牧部落的说法是普遍的误解，事实是印第安人普遍定居。 你没有仔细看那个报告么？

那个报告并没有局限于加拿大，而是涵盖了整个北美地区范围的调查，诸多学者经过长期调查证实的结果，而且有诸多文献资料支持。

  加拿大官方另外还公布了一个600多页的报告，专门针对境内各土著部落的普查结果。
我COPY的那份报告是另一份针对所有墨西哥以北地区的土著部落的调查报告。

但1907年官方公布的这种承认历史事实的ZF报告完全没有阻止白人政权对土著部落的欺凌和文化灭绝政策，之后近百年中，加拿大ZF继续对土著实施了严重侵犯人权的文化灭绝国策，以法律的形式对土著儿童进行了文化清洗教育，直到1990年以后才彻底停止，然后就是法律诉讼，道歉、巨额赔偿。

What is a residential school?
In the 19th century, the Canadian government believed it was responsible for educating and caring for aboriginal people in Canada. It thought their best chance for success was to learn English and adopt Christianity and Canadian customs. Ideally, they would pass their adopted lifestyle on to their children, and native traditions would diminish, or be completely abolished in a few generations.

The Canadian government developed a policy called "aggressive assimilation" to be taught at church-run, government-funded industrial schools, later called residential schools. The government felt children were easier to mold than adults, and the concept of a boarding school was the best way to prepare them for life in mainstream society.

Residential schools were federally run, under the Department of Indian Affairs. Attendance was mandatory for children in the many communities that didn't have day schools. Agents were employed by the government to ensure all native children attended school.

How many residential schools and students were there?

CBC Digital Archives material on residential schools:

A lost heritage: Canada's residential schools (1955 - 2002)
Remembering the bad old days in the residential school (1972)
Native leader charges church with abuse (1990)
A long-awaited apology (2008)
Initially, about 1,100 students attended 69 schools across the country. In 1931, at the peak of the residential school system, there were about 80 schools operating in Canada. There were a total of about 130 schools in every territory and province except Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick from the earliest in the 19th century to the last, which closed in 1996.

In all, about 150,000 First Nation, Inuit and Métis children were removed from their communities and forced to attend the schools.

What went wrong?

Residential schools were established with the assumption that aboriginal culture was unable to adapt to a rapidly modernizing society. It was believed that native children could be successful if they assimilated into mainstream Canadian society by adopting Christianity and speaking English or French. Students were discouraged from speaking their first language or practising native traditions. If they were caught, they would experience severe punishment.

Throughout the years, students lived in substandard conditions and endured physical and emotional abuse. There have also been convictions of sexual abuse. Students at residential schools rarely had opportunities to see examples of normal family life. Most were in school 10 months a year, away from their parents; some stayed all year round. All correspondence from the children was written in English, which many parents couldn't read. Brothers and sisters at the same school rarely saw each other, as all activities were segregated by gender.

According to documents obtained by the CBC, some schools carried out nutritional experiments on malnourished students in the 1940s and '50s with the federal government's knowledge.

When students returned to the reserve, they often found they didn't belong. They didn't have the skills to help their parents, and became ashamed of their native heritage. The skills taught at the schools were generally substandard; many found it hard to function in an urban setting. The aims of assimilation meant devastation for those who were subjected to years of abuse.

When did the calls for victim compensation begin?

In 1990, Phil Fontaine, then-leader of the Association of Manitoba Chiefs, called for the churches involved to acknowledge the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse endured by students at the schools. A year later, the government convened a Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Many people told the commission about their residential school experiences, and the commission's 1996 report recommended a separate public inquiry into residential schools. That recommendation was never followed.

Over the years, the government worked with the Anglican, Catholic, United and Presbyterian churches, which ran residential schools, to design a plan to compensate the former students.

In 2007, two years after it was first announced, the federal government formalized a $1.9-billion compensation package for those who were forced to attend residential schools.

Under the federal compensation package, what have former students received?

Compensation called Common Experience Payments was made available to residential schools students who were alive as of May 30, 2005. Former residential school students are eligible for $10,000 for the first year or part of a year they attended school, plus $3,000 for each subsequent year.

Residential school survivor
Residential school survivor Chief William Walker listens to speakers during a Truth and Reconciliation Commission event in Vancouver in September 2013. (Darryl Dyck/Canadian Press)

Any money remaining from the $1.9-billion package will be given to foundations that support learning needs of aboriginal students.

As of Sept. 30, 2013, $1.6 billion had been paid, representing 105,548 cases.

Acceptance of the Common Experience Payment releases the government and churches from all further liability relating to the residential school experience, except in cases of sexual abuse and serious incidents of physical abuse.

What has happened in cases of alleged sexual or serious physical abuse?

An Independent Assessment Process, or IAP, was set up to address sexual abuse cases and serious incidents of physical abuse. A former student who accepts the Common Experience Payment can pursue a further claim for sexual or serious physical abuse.

Is there more to the package than compensating the victims?

The government funded a Commemoration initiative, which consisted of events, projects and memorials on a national and community level.

The Aboriginal Healing Foundation was established in 1998 with a $350-million grant from Indian and Northern Affairs Canada to help former students who were physically or sexually abused, but federal funding ended in 2010.

The settlement also promised a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to examine the legacy of the residential schools.

Prime Minister Stephen Harper delivered an official apology to residential school students in Parliament on June 11, 2008.

Who else has apologized for the abuse?

Many churches implicated in the abuse apologized in the 1990s. Archbishop Michael Peers offered an apology on behalf of the Anglican Church of Canada in 1993, stating "I am sorry, more than I can say, that we were part of a system which took you and your children from home and family."

Four leaders of the Presbyterian Church signed a statement of apology in 1994. "It is with deep humility and in great sorrow that we come before God and our aboriginal brothers and sisters with our confession," it said.

The United Church of Canada formally apologized to Canada's First Nations people in 1986, and offered its second apology in 1998 for the abuse that happened at residential schools.

"To those individuals who were physically, sexually, and mentally abused as students of the Indian Residential Schools in which the United Church of Canada was involved, I offer you our most sincere apology," the statement by the church's General Council Executive said.

Though the Catholic church oversaw three-quarters of Canadian residential schools, it was the last church to have one of its leaders officially address the abuse.

'I am sorry, more than I can say, that we were part of a system which took you and your children from home and family.'
—Archbishop Michael Peers, Anglican Church of Canada
On April 29, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI expressed his "sorrow" to a delegation from Canada's Assembly of First Nations for the abuse and "deplorable" treatment that aboriginal students suffered at Roman Catholic Church-run residential schools.

At the time, then Assembly of First Nations Leader Phil Fontaine said it wasn't an "official apology," but added that he hoped the statement would "close the book" on the issue of apologies for residential school survivors.

What is the mandate of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission?

Established on June 1, 2008, the goals of the TRC include documenting and promoting the extent and impact of residential school experiences; providing a safe setting for former students to share their stories; and producing a report to the federal government on the legacy of the residential school system.

The commission has held events in several Canadian cities to publicly address the experiences of First Nations, Metis, and Inuit children in residential schools across the country.

One of the accomplishments of the TRC was gaining access to more of the 3.5 million documents held by the federal government related to residential schools. First Nations leaders and activists say these files could build a stronger case for genocide in Canada.

The TRC's mandate was supposed to end in 2014, but in November 2013, Bernard Valcourt, the minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, announced that the TRC would be given until June 30, 2015, to complete its mandate.

土著儿童强迫寄宿政策对一代土著人的影响是在灾难性的，毁了一代人。很多人在成年以后继续遭受着严重心理疾病、精神疾病的折磨，不能有正常的家庭生活，酗酒、暴力、吸毒等等，很多土著儿童因为童年遭受长期虐待，一辈子生活在社会性的种族歧视阴影之下，导致无法自拔的自暴自弃，然后又把这种痛苦命运传递到了下一代。

有一个20出头、曾行为良好遵纪守法的土著少年，在距离保留地1-2小时车程的地方，某天因酗酒飙车将另一个20岁出头的白人青年撞成重伤，白人青年的女友、亲人遇难。前10分钟他在高速上逆行，险些造成另一起严重事故，幸而对方躲得比较快。法庭发现这个青年是曾经被ZF解救过的严重家庭暴力的受害者，他的父亲和继父都是寄宿学校的受害幸存者，因遭受虐待有患有终身性的严重心理、精神疾病和酗酒（已经被证实是一种成瘾性精神疾病），结果是这个青年基本是免于刑事惩罚，被判在保留地某个类似休养院的地方居住4年，尽量提供好的条件，帮助他恢复正常的心理状态和生活能力。判决结果让这个白人青年非常愤怒，他失去了最爱的人和亲人，年纪轻轻失去劳动能力，患上严重精神创伤后遗症PTSD，觉得被法律虐了。

he_zr 发表于 2017-12-6 00:58
这张图能说明什么？不就说明北美印第安人什么地方适宜干什么，此外还有什么？

这张图证明了什么你看不出吗？
第一，大片以农产品为生存基础的区域证明了你的“印第安人极力反对农耕”就是你编造的谎言。
第二，基本生存基础的广泛分布证明了你的“美洲土地都是无主土地”就是你对历史的歪曲。
第三，以上还证明了你的“印第安人跟动物没多大区别”就是你在颠倒黑白。