20190206【充实计划】第974期

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《思想的力量：哲学导论》

353. 道德判断必须以理性为基础，这一观点源自智者学派（Sophists）----古希腊时期，也源自苏格拉底（Socrates）
那些指称美好品德的词语：正义、虔诚、勇气等，Socrates用心考察了它们的意义。它们一定拥有某种共同点，可以通过理性的追问被揭示出来。
他相信卑劣的行为要么出自彻底的疯狂，要么就出于无知。Plato也持此观点，且至今仍有人相信它。

354. Plato说，在所有理念的顶峰，就是善的理念，即通常所说的至善，这个理念具有最高的价值。因为：
1）理念决定了真正的现实，并因为
2）至善的理念是所有理念中最高的，所以
3）个别事物之所以是真的，仅仅是因为它们分有了这个终极理念，或者说，是这一终极理念的具体化。

355. Plato说，人类的灵魂（2000年后，弗洛伊德Freud提出的自我、本我、超我理论与之类似）由三个部分组成：赤裸裸的欲望，冲动（如怒火、野心）、理智。当这些部分服从理性支配，每个部分都能够获取一种特长或美德。当欲望服从理性支配时，就表现出节制这种美德；当冲动服从理性支配时，表现出勇敢；当理智自身服从理性支配时，就表现出智慧。另外还有正义（当灵魂的每个部分都服从理性支配、都履行它们应负的职责时，正义这种美德就被获得了）

356. 美德的报酬就是它自身。
Plato并不希望我们囫囵吞枣地接受这个结论。他和别人同样明白，那些活得最滋润的人往往品行恶劣。
Plato道德哲学所适用的领域还不止于此。他对以下流行观点（过去和现在都很流行，也许会永远流行）也很感兴趣：善即快乐，自我控制并非获取幸福的最佳途径，以及与其受人利用，不如利用别人。在他看来，这些观点都是错的。在你秉持这样的信念去安排生活之前，可以先去读一下《理想国》（Republic），以及另一篇著名的Plato对话《高尔吉亚篇》（Gorgias）
阿瑞斯提普斯的“把握当下”哲学一栏也值得读。

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Blockchain：
19.
    Consensus
    Consensus is the process of reaching a general agreement among nodes within a blockchain. There are various algorithms available for this especially when it is a distributed network and an agreement on a single value is required.
    Mechanisms of consensus: Every blockchain has to have one mechanism that can handle various nodes present in the network. Some of the prime mechanisms for consensus by blockchain are the following:

        Proof of Work (PoW): This is the most commonly used consensus mechanism, also used by the first ever cryptocurrency, Bitcoin. This algorithm has proven most successful against Sybil attacks.

        Proof of Stake (PoS) this makes the mining of new blocks easier for those who have the highest amount of cryptocurrency.

        Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS) one small change it has over PoS is that each node that has a stake can delegate the validation of a transaction to other nodes by means of voting.

        Proof of Importance (POI) this is designed to be energy efficient and can also run on relatively less powerful machines. It relies on stake aswell as the usage and movement of tokens to establish trust and importance.

        Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET) this is a blockchain algorithm created by Intel, using Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) to have randomness and security in the voting process using a guaranteed wait time.

        Proof of burn (PoB) this is mostly used for bootstrapping one cryptocurrency to another. The basic concept is that miners should prove that they have burned coins, that is, they have sent them to a verifiable unspendable address.

        Proof of activity (PoA): A random peer is selected in this from the entire network to sign a new block that has to be tamper-proof.

    All the preceding algorithms and a host of already available or currently under research make sure that the perfect consensus state is achieved and no possible security threats are present on the network.

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widget
['widʒit]
n.  小器具, 装饰品
[计]窗口小部件
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: gadget]//
  1  spoken a small piece of equipment that you do not know the name for:
  2  informal used to refer to an imaginary product that a company might produceg:  --Company A produces 6000 widgets a month at a unit price of $0.33.//

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Read Materials: Harvard Business Review USA 2015 -05 Strategy : Tesla’s not as disruptive as you might think
Reflection: disruptive innovation describes how firms that introduce rudimentary products can eventally overrun established players by systematically improving the products until they meet the needs of mainstream consumers, generally at lower prices.  Musk is outspoken about his goal : to create an affordable mass-market electric vehicle that will supplant gasoline-powered cars. Five questions had been posted to evaluate disruptive innovation.
        First, does the product either target overserved customers (by offering lower performance at a lower price ) or create a new market ( by targeting customers who could not use or afford the existing product)?
        Second, does it create asymmetric motivation meaning that while the disrupter is motivated to either higher performance segments over time, existing players are not motivated to fight it?
        Third, can it improve performance fast enough to keep pace with customer’s expectations while retaining its low cost structure?
        Fourth, does it create new value networks, including sales and channels?
        Fifth, does it disrupt al incumbents or can an existing player exploit this opportunity?
It is clear that Tesla is a classic sustaining innovation,  a product that offers incrementally better performance at a higher price.

This paper was issued on May,2015. Let us revisit this case and topic again. Whether tesla is a disruptive innovation. For question1,2 and 4, the output is still negative. The output of question 3 had been changed since the market environment had been changed. The sense of environmental protection is waking up gradually. However the bottleneck is the battery. How to handle the battery is still a question mark.

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