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英文文献：Learning and Synergy in Social Networks: Productivity Impacts of Informal Labor Sharing Arrangements-社会网络中的学习与协同:非正式劳动共享安排对生产力的影响
英文文献作者：Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework,Dorfman, Jeffrey
英文文献摘要：
We study the effects of informal labor sharing arrangements and other social interactions on farmers' productivity in a developing country context, testing whether these types of social and work interactions lead to productivity gains through learning, synergy, or both. Using a rich panel data set of Ethiopian subsistence farmers, we estimate a distance function of grains production and find large productivity gains (approximately 20 percent) from labor sharing due to synergy effects that boost labor productivity. Some training experiences, such as extension education programs and performing off-farm work, lead to learning that increases the farmers' productivity. However, labor sharing does not lead to learning as the productivity gains observed in years with labor sharing disappear in following years if the farmers do not continue to employ labor sharing. The results suggest that interaction and observation alone is not enough to produce learning that leads to productivity gains; however, training and educational activities such as extension programs and off-farm work do appear capable of producing learning and associated productivity gains.
我们研究了发展中国家非正式劳动共享安排和其他社会互动对农民生产力的影响，测试了这些类型的社会和工作互动是否会通过学习、协同或两者都能带来生产力的提高。利用埃塞俄比亚自给农民丰富的面板数据集，我们估计了粮食生产的距离函数，并发现由于协同效应提高了劳动生产率，劳动共享带来了巨大的生产率提高(约20%)。一些培训经验，如推广教育项目和从事非农工作，有助于提高农民的生产力。但是，劳动分享并不会导致学习，因为如果农民不再继续使用劳动分享，在有劳动分享的年份中所观察到的生产率增长会在接下来的年份中消失。研究结果表明，仅靠互动和观察不足以产生学习，从而提高生产率;然而，培训和教育活动，如推广项目和非农工作，似乎确实能够产生学习和相关生产力的提高。
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