Information and Communication Technology economy report 2009

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CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................................................................ iii
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... iv
List of abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... ix
Executive summary .......................................................................................................................... xi
chapter I. Monitoring Connectivity for Development ............... 1
A. Recent trends in the diffusion of ICTs ................................................................................ 2
1. Fixed telephony penetration in decline ............................................................................................... 2
2. The mobile revolution continues ......................................................................................................... 4
a. Rapid growth in all parts of the world .............................................................................................. 4
b. Mobile phone penetration rising most in developing and transition economies ............................ 6
3. Most Internet users are now in the developing world ......................................................................... 8
a. Fastest growth in the South ............................................................................................................. 8
b. Internet use has increased fast in many Latin American and Caribbean economies ................... 10
4. Developing countries lag behind in terms of broadband connectivity ............................................. 11
a. Growing use of both fixed and mobile broadband ........................................................................ 11
b. Broadband penetration has increased the most in the North ....................................................... 15
B. Monitoring the digital divide ............................................................................................. 16
1. Inequality is shrinking ........................................................................................................................ 16
2. Developments in country groups deserving special attention ......................................................... 18
3. No room for complacency ................................................................................................................ 19
C. Addressing the broadband challenge .............................................................................. 20
1. Reasons to promote broadband connectivity .................................................................................. 20
2. Policy options ................................................................................................................................... 22
3. Exploring the wireless broadband option ......................................................................................... 24
4. Addressing the international connectivity challenge ......................................................................... 25
D. Future outlook and implications of the financial crisis .................................................... 29
chapter II. Making Use of ICTs in the Business Sector ............. 37
A. Measuring ICT use and business performance ............................................................... 38
1. Most studies show positive impact of ICT use ................................................................................. 38
a. Growing evidence ......................................................................................................................... 38
b. Impact of the use of different ICTs ................................................................................................ 39
(i) Computer use ........................................................................................................................... 39
(ii) Internet and broadband use .................................................................................................... 40
(iii) Mobile phone use ................................................................................................................... 40
2. More capacity-building needed to improve ICT data situation ......................................................... 41
B. Wide gaps prevail in ICT use between and within countries .......................................... 44
1. Large enterprises use more ICT ........................................................................................................ 45
2. ICT use is mostly higher in urban than in rural areas ........................................................................ 47
3. Sectoral differences in ICT use ......................................................................................................... 49
4. What do companies use the Internet for? ......................................................................................... 51
C. Implications for policies .................................................................................................... 55
1. National ICT strategies ...................................................................................................................... 55
2. Improving infrastructure in underserved areas ................................................................................. 56
3. Creating skills ................................................................................................................................... 57
4. Developing local content .................................................................................................................. 58
5. Strengthening the legal and regulatory framework ........................................................................... 58
chapter III: Evolving Patterns in ICT Trade ..................................... 61
A. Trade in ICT goods ............................................................................................................ 62
1. Global shifts boost South-South trade .............................................................................................. 62
2. A few economies dominate ICT goods trade ................................................................................... 64
3. Reliance on ICT goods is high in some countries ............................................................................ 66
4. Shifts in the product composition ..................................................................................................... 69
5. Implications of the crisis: a preliminary assessment ........................................................................ 70
B. Offshoring and trade in IT and ICT-enabled services ...................................................... 73
1. Recent trends ................................................................................................................................... 73
a. Defining the phenomenon ............................................................................................................ 73
b. Mapping the new geography of offshoring ................................................................................... 75
(i) Balance of payments data ........................................................................................................ 76
(ii) Data on FDI projects related to selected ICT-enabled services ............................................... 78
(iii) Market analysis data ................................................................................................................ 79
2. How important is the quality of ICT infrastructure? ........................................................................... 82
3. Implications of the crisis: a mixed picture ......................................................................................... 83
a. Short-term and long-term effects differ ......................................................................................... 84
b. Effects vary by industry segment and type of firm ......................................................................... 85
c. Implications for different exporting countries ................................................................................ 85
References ............................................................................................................................................. 89
Statistical Annex............................................................................................... 95
Selected UNCTAD publications in the area of science, technology and ICT for development ........... 131
Readership survey ................................................................................................................................ 133
Boxes
I.1. A cautionary note on the data used in the Information Economy Report 2009 ................................. 2
I.2. Development gains from mobile telephony in two LDCs ................................................................... 6
I.3. China’s three 3G technologies ......................................................................................................... 13
I.4. OECD work on measuring mobile broadband ................................................................................. 14
I.5. Broadband in Bahamas .................................................................................................................... 14

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