Checking the C++ Toolchain
In RStudio (preferably) or otherwise in R, execute once
pkgbuild::has_build_tools(debug = TRUE)
to check your C++ toolchain using the pkgbuild package that gets installed when you install RStan. If this line ultimately returns TRUE, then your C++ toolchain is properly installed and you can jump to the next section.
Otherwise,
If you use Windows and RStudio (recommended), a pop-up will appear asking if you want to install Rtools. Click Yes and wait until the installation is finished.
If you use Windows but not RStudio, a message will appear in the R console telling you to install Rtools. Further information to download and install rtools may be helpful, but you do NOT ordinarily need to continue to the section titled "Installing RStan from source".
If you use a Mac, a link will appear but do not click on it. Instead go here
If you use Linux (including Windows Subsystem for Linux), then go here.
If you follow the above instructions but are not successful you can get help from the Stan Discourse Forum but be sure to tell us what your operating system is, whether you use RStudio, and what is the output when you try the above.
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