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CONTENTS

1楼 大英百科全书的 economics词条

3楼 大英百科全书的 economics词条（续1）

4楼 大英百科全书的 economics词条（续2）

5楼 大英百科全书的 economics词条 （续3）未完

19楼 张五常小品：Irving Fisher and red guards 中文版

20楼 Irving Fisher and red guards 中英对照阅读版

22楼 Irving Fisher and red guards translated by 网友“巡山” (更早的翻译)

以下是我翻译的大英百科全书的 economics 词条，未翻译完，请看一下，请批评指正 不要看贴不回啊。。。

经济学 简介

经济学是一种社会科学，它分析与描述财富的生产、分配与消费。

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经济学 定义

从未有人能够清晰、完整和简洁地界定经济学的范围。经济学家们过去常引用英国伟大的经济学家Alfred Marshall的定义：经济学是“对于人类的一般世俗生活事务的研究；它只关注某些部分的个人行为和群体行为，即那些跟物质财富的获取和使用密切相关的个人行为和群体行为。”---这一定义忽略了社会学家、心理学家和人类学家同样也研究和经济学家相同的人类行为，既它不能将经济学与社会学、心理学、人类学相区别。另一位较新近的英国经济学家 Lionel Robbins将经济学定义为：“经济学是一种研究人类行为的科学，这种科学认为给定的目的和有多种用途的稀缺手段之间的关系驱动着人类行为；或说这种关系和人类行为被看作是同一的。”Lionel Robbins的这一定义，即经济学是研究个人“节俭”（economizing）的科学，的确抓住了经济学家思考方式的一个显著特征，但落掉了将经济作为一个整体进行思考的宏观思考方式。

虽然定义经济学是困难的，但指出经济学家所思考的那一类问题却不甚困难。在众多社会现象中，经济学家着重分析价格的决定因素--不仅是商品与服务的价格，还有用以生产它们的资源的价格。这种分析意味着不仅要找出什么主导着劳动力、机器和土地集结于生产行为中的方式，并且要找出什么决定着买卖双方如何被一个有效市场所联系。众多物品的价格必然是相互联系的；但所谓的“价格系统”或“市场机制”是如何形成的？并且市场存在的必要条件是什么？

以上所述是经济学的部门学科“微观经济学”所论述的问题；“微经”关注于诸如消费者、公司、商人、农场主等个体的行为。另一经济学主要部门学科“宏观经济学”则将关注焦点置诸总体的经济现象：总体经济的收入水平，就业总量，总的投资流动等。在“宏经”，经济学家关心一国总收入的决定因素或者总体的投资水平；他们探讨为何完全就业是罕见的，而有什么政策可带来更高的就业水平或经济的的稳定。

但“微经”和“宏经”并未穷尽经济学家的论域--他们还有更多思考的问题。例如另一重要的经济学部门被称作“发展经济学”；它考察发展过程自身，也考察推动经济发展的文化心理的和制度的行为。发展经济学家关心维持经济自我发展的因素，也关心经济政策在什么范围能使这些因素起作用。

除了上述经济学的三大主要的部门学科，经济学中还有许多专门化的部门学科，诸如财政学、货币银行学、国际贸易、劳动力经济学、农业经济学等等。经济学家可能会被要求评估许多政策措施的效果，诸如税收、最低工资法、租务管制、关税、利息率的变动和政府预算的变动等问题。

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未翻译完。。。 以下是原文

economics social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth.

economics Definition

No one has ever succeeded in neatly defining the scope of economics. Economists used to say, with Alfred Marshall, the great English economist, that economics is “a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of wellbeing”—ignoring the fact that sociologists, psychologists, and anthropologists frequently studyexactly the same phenomena. Another English economist, Lionel Robbins, has more recently defined economics as “the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between (given) ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.” This definition—that economics is the science of economizing—captures one of the striking characteristics of the economist's way of thinking but leaves out the macroeconomic approach to the subject, which is concerned with the economy as a whole.

Difficult as it may be to define economics, it is not difficult to indicate the sort of questions that economists are concerned with. Among other things, they seek to analyze the forces determining prices—not only the prices of goods and services but the prices of the resources used to produce them. This means discovering what it is that governs the way in which men, machines, and land are combined in production and that determines how buyers and sellers are brought together in a functioning market. Prices of various things must be interrelated; how does such a “price system” or “market mechanism” hang together, and what are the conditions necessary for its survival?

These are questions in what is called “microeconomics,” the part of economics that deals with the behaviour of such individuals as consumers, business firms, traders, and farmers. The other major branch of economics is “macroeconomics,” in which the focus of attention is on aggregates: the level of income in the whole economy, the volume of total employment, the flow of total investment, and so forth. Here the economist is concerned with the forces determining the income of a nation or the level of total investment; he seeks to learn why full employment is so rarely attained and what public policies should be followed to achieve higher employment or more stability.

But these still do not exhaust the range of problems that economists consider. There is also the important field of “ development economics,” which examines the attitudes and institutions supporting economic activity as well as the process of development itself. The economist is concerned with the factors responsible for self-sustaining economic growth and with the extent to which these factors can be manipulated by public policy.

Cutting across these three major divisions in economics are the specialized fields of public finance, money and banking, international trade, labour economics, agricultural economics, industrial organization, and others. Economists may be asked to assess the effects of governmental measures such as taxes, minimum-wage laws, rent controls, tariffs, changes in interest rates, changes in the government budget, and so on.

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-7-2 15:20:53编辑过]

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关键词：governmental Organization Institutions relationship Agricultural 翻译 作品 原创

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继续翻译：

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经济学

经济学---作为一项职业

19世纪，经济学是闲人雅士的业余爱好，是属于少数学究的特殊职业；经济学家那时也写政策建议，但鲜有立法机构在决策之前问津。然今天，几乎没有哪一家政府机构，国际机构或大型企业是没有他们自己 常驻的经济学家的----经济学作为一项职业变得普及了。例如，根据 “美国国家科学基金会” NSF的估计 （National Science Foundation ，U.S.），1966年时美国有11，000位经济学家。显然，这一数字很大程度上取决于经济学职业的范围是如何界定的：NSF将那些把主要能力发挥于众所认同的经济学专业科目的人们划归在其范围内。在这11，000位职业经济学家中，大约有4，500位是被雇为经济学教师的；其余的或为他们自己，或为经济产业，或为政府效力而做各项研究和咨询工作。这已经排除了将会计，商业贸易，市场营销以及工商管理中的从业者计算在内；这些人或许自认为经济学家，但他们的专业知识技能则属于其他领域。现在，或许有10，000那么多位经济学家分布于美国之外的其他地区----然而这一数字从未被确证。在1970年，全世界职业经济学家全体的数目被估算在20，000是合理的，这一数字明显地以年均5%的速度增长。有75种经济学刊物是以英语出版的，另外有25种是以其他语种出版的，并且这些数字皆年有所长。这些情况暗示，每年尚且有1，500篇经济科学论文发表，更罔论每年700本的经济学新书了。这确实是“经济学家的时代”了，而且对他们的需求似乎亦是无足无厌的。--------------------------------- 翻译到这里，不禁想起paul samuleson引用edmund burke的那句话，

"The Age of Chivalry is gone; that of sophisters, economists, and calculators has succeeded."

-Edmund Burke 先翻那么多，以后再来，以下是原文：

economics Economics as a profession

In the 19th century, economics was the hobby of gentlemen of leisure and the vocation of a few academicians; economists wrote about economic policy but were rarely consulted by legislatures before decisions were made. Today, there is hardly a government, international agency, or large corporation that does not have its resident economist.

According to an estimate of the National Science Foundation (U.S.), for instance, there were 11,000 economists in the United States in 1966. Clearly, much depends on how one defines the job of an economist: the list of the National Science Foundation is confined to persons whose chief competence is in any one of the recognized economic specialities.

Of the 11,000 professional economists, about 4,500 were employed as teachers of economics; the rest worked in various research or advisory capacities, either for themselves, for industry, or for government.This leaves out of account many others employed in accounting, commerce, marketing, and business administration; they may think of themselves as economists, but their professional expertise falls within other fields.

There are perhaps another 10,000 economists in the rest of the world—their numbers have never been counted. It would be reasonable to estimate the total number of professional economists in the world in 1970 at 20,000, a number that was apparently growing at about 5 percent per year. There were about 75 English-language journals in economics and another 25 in various foreign languages, with new ones appearing every year.This implies the publication of about 1,500 scientific papers per year, not to mention the 700 new books on economics published every year. This is indeed “the age of economists,” and the demand for their services seems insatiable.

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-3-20 21:17:21编辑过]

经济学

经济学在历史上的发展

经济学作为一门独立学科，其实质性的诞生可追溯到公元1776年，其时苏格兰哲人Adam Smith出版专著An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 。自然，在Adam Smith之前也有经济学：希腊人为经济学做出过重要贡献，中世纪经院哲学家亦是如此；自15世纪到18世纪，大量的活页文献出版，发展了经济国家主义（economic nationalism）之含义，其主体思想现在被称做“重商主义”（mercantilism）；在18世纪一小段时期，法国的“重农主义者”（physiocrat）们发展了一个相当复杂的经济模型；另外有几位18世纪的人物堪与Adam Smith竞争“首位经济学家”的名衔。然而Adam Smith写就了有史以来第一本全面的经济学论著，并且借助其政治和社会的影响，建立了后世称为“古典政治经济学英国学派”的学说体系。 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 原文如下： economics Historical development of economics

The effective birth of economics as a separate discipline may be traced to the year 1776, when the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations . There was, of course, economics before Adam Smith: the Greeks made significant contributions and so did the medieval scholastics; from the 15th to the 18th century, an enormous pamphlet literature appeared that developed the implications of economic nationalism, a body of thought now known as “ mercantilism”; for a brief period in the 18th century the French “physiocrats” developed a fairly sophisticated economic model; and several other 18th-century figures can compete with Smith for the title of “first economist.” Nevertheless, Adam Smith wrote the first full-scale treatise on economics and, by his magisterial influence, founded what later generations were to call the “English School of Classical Political Economy.”

----------------------------------------------------------------预告

下次是 ：经济学在历史上的发展 之 对市场的分析 Analysis of the market

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-3-20 0:14:53编辑过]

继续 2005.3.18

经济学

经济学在历史上的发展 之 对市场的分析

The Wealth of Nations, 如其标题所暗示的，此书意在探讨经济之发展以及促进或阻碍经济发展之政策。

在实际之用，此书是对重商主义者的贸易保护教条的抨击，也是自由市场之纲领。

但在抨击“错误的政治经济学教条”的过程中，Adam Smith被引致分析了自由企业之系统作为人类行为之调节器的运作过程。

在一竞争市场上，处于众人之间的每一个体，其竭尽全力亦对价格之影响微不足道；其必须将市价视为给定且无法改变之物，而将贸易数量视为在给定市价基础上可自由变动者；而市场中所有参与者之行为汇总后便决定了市价。

市场的“无形之手”，这是Adam Smith所喜欢的一个说法，它保证了如此一个社会交往的结果：该结果独立于任何一个个体之意愿；由此Adam Smith依这一说法创造了一种可能性----一个分析人类经济行为的客观的科学之可能性。

Adam Smith相信他已经找到了一种机制（instrument），这种机制可以将个体人性之缺憾（例如自私）转化为社会大众之福利（例如最大产量）。

但此命题之必要条件在于，这一竞争系统必须深植于一个合适的法律与制度的框架之中-----这一洞见为Adam Smith所详细分析，但却为后世所普遍遗忘矣。

于此巨著中，在国富国穷这一主题上，包含了一个简单的价格/价值理论，一个粗糙的分配理论，一个更为粗糙的国际贸易理论，以及一个原始的货币理论；这些理论尽管不完善，却成为了古典的和现代的经济学大厦的基石。

此书由其内涵之丰富而生气十足，因为它为Adam Smith的后世信徒们留下了如此多的经济思想的遗产，这就需要他们来好好整理了。

原文如下：Analysis of the market

The Wealth of Nations, as its title suggests, is essentially a book about economic development and about policies that promote or hinder development.

In its practical aspects it is an attack on the protectionist doctrines of the mercantilists and a brief for free trade.

But in the course of attacking “false doctrines of political economy,” Adam Smith was led to analyze the workings of a free-enterprise system as a governor of human activity.

In a competitive market each individual, being one among many, can exert only a negligible influence on prices; each must take prices as they come and is free only to vary the quantities bought and sold at given prices; yet the sum of all individuals' separate actions determines prices.

The “invisible hand” of the market, as Adam Smith was fond of saying, assures a social result that is independent of individual intentions and thus creates the possibility of an objective science of economic behaviour.

Adam Smith believed that he had found, in the competitive market, an instrument capable of converting “private vices” (like selfishness) into “public virtues” (like maximum production).

But this is only true if the competitive system is embedded in an appropriate legal and institutional framework, an insight that Adam Smith developed at length but that was largely forgotten by later generations.

Within this great tome on the theme of rich and poor nations was contained a simple theory of value (or prices), a crude theory of distribution, an even cruder theory of international trade, and a primitive theory of money; but with all their imperfections, these were the building blocks of classical and modern economics.

The book's very fecundity gave it strength because it left so much for disciples to tidy up.

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-3-20 0:27:56编辑过]

顶一下！！

老兄，能不能先给英文再给汉语，一段对应一段？学弟可以更好地学习。高手指点起来也更方便

i will do as u request

等翻完整个词条的内容再制作一个完整的版本。

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-3-20 0:59:05编辑过]

继续啊

老大!~

等着学习呢~#

请教一个问题好不?您的英语是哪个级别的啊~(看得出苦功哦~佩服ING)

非常感谢，希望完整的版本可以下载，并且加上版本说明