昨日阅读4h,累计 698.5 h
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《思想的力量:哲学导论》
435. W.D.罗斯
《正确与善》(The Right and the Good, 1930),意图是考察以下三个概念的本质、相互关系和含义。即正确、善、道德上的善。
显见义务(prima facie duties)---即这样的事是我们有义务去做的,除非有更高的义务来使它无效。包括信守承诺、安慰不幸者、表达感谢、改善自身、保持真诚等等。
显见义务不是绝对义务。
他还注意到了内在的善(intrinsic goods):如德性、知识、特定限度内的快乐
436. 情绪主义及其他
功利主义用行为所产生的幸福来定义行为的正确性,相应地,道德判断就成了一种事实判断,判断对象就是行为产生的幸福量。
Moore和Rose都否认行为的正确性或目标的善可以用幸福或其他任何自然属性、自然事物来定义。
情绪主义者(emotivist)主张:道德判断不具有任何事实意义。
437. 在分析哲学领域,情绪主义拥有一些强有力的追随者。许多分析哲学家看来,对于伦理判断得情绪主义分析从根本上讲并不正确。
一位英国当代语言哲学家R.M. 黑尔(R.M. Hare, 1919-2002)曾经说过,道德言谈的功能不在于表达或影响人的态度,而在于指导行动。
一个道德判断就是一个“可普遍化”的规范性判断(prescriptive judgment)。
他们主张:如果认为任何道德价值判断可以从描述性命题逻辑推出,那就是犯了自然主义谬误(naturalist fallacy)。但它是谬误吗?这个问题很重要。
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Blockchain:
Fault tolerance and failure isolation
A system is said to be fault tolerant when it is capable of operating even if some of the pieces fail or malfunction. Typically, fault tolerance is a matter of degree: where the level of sub-component failure is either countered by other parts of the system or the degradation is gradual rather than an absolute shutdown. Faults can occur on many levels: software, hardware, or networking. A fault tolerant piece of software needs to continue to function in the face of a partial outage along any of these layers.
In a blockchain, fault tolerance on the individual hardware level is handled by the existence of multiple duplicate computers for every function—the miners in bitcoin or proof of work systems or the validators in PoS and related systems. If a computer has a hardware fault, then either it will not validly sign transactions in consensus with the network or it will simply cease to act as a network node—the others will take up the slack.
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昨日阅读4h
累计 698.5 h