从人类社会发展的角度理解马克思的价值理论

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<p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">价值是经济思想史中一个古老的概念，从古希腊的色诺芬</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">、</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">亚里士多德到中世纪的托马</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">斯</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">·</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">阿奎那都对其有较为深刻的论述。在真正意义上的经济学形成以后，价值理论就一直是经济学中的核心理论，但也是这个核心理论一直困扰着许多经济学者</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">。</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">正如大卫</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">▪</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">李嘉图所言</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，“</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">在这门科学</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">(</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">政治经济学</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">——</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">引者注</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">)</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">中，造成错误和分歧最多的，莫过于价值一词的含糊观念。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">”</span></font><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma;">[1]</span></sup><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">而这些错误和分歧的根源或许应该是亚当</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">▪</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">斯密的一句话：</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">“</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">应当注意，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">‘</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">价值</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">’</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">一词有两种含义：有时表示某一特定物品的效用</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">有时表示占有该物品时所带来的购买其它物品的数量。前者可以称为</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">‘</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">使用价值</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">’</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，后者称为</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">‘</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">交换价值</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">’</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">”</span></font><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma;">[2]</span></sup><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">特别是马克思的《资本论》发表后，在价值理论的争论中形成了两个针锋相对的观点，直到现在，争论仍没有停息。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><b><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">一、值理论研究中的实用主义倾向</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">科学研究的目的在于发现真理，然而，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">大部分</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">经济学者在价值理论的研究中</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">表</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">现出明显的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">“</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">有用即真理</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">”</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">的实用主义倾向。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">劳动创造价值的思想由来已久，基督教义从反对高利贷的角度表达了劳动创造财富的思想，亚当</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">▪</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">斯密和李嘉图很好地利用了这一点。为了反对封建统治，论证资本主义生产方式的合理性，同时又不违背基督教义，他们对劳动创造价值做了系统的研究。他们所强调的是国民财富增进的原因是人的能力和智慧</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">而不是因为上帝赐予土地的肥力或财富的储藏，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">所以</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">应该给商品生产者以应有的尊重。对他们来说，论证到这里已经足够了，他们的劳动价值论都没能发展下去。也正是如此，亚当</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">▪</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">斯密最后走向了三要素从而脱离了劳动价值论，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">而</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">李嘉图则陷入困境等待后人的解救。到了萨伊等人那里，政治经济学的主要任务是如何增加财富，已经不需要论证财富的合理性。劳动价值论对他们来说已经失去了原来的意义，相反，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">它</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">会给那些生产财富的劳动者提供要求分得更多一些价值的论据，因此他们丢弃了劳动价值论，代之以</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">“</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">要素论</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">”</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">和</span></font><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">
                </span><font face="宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">“</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">三位一体公式</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">”</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">。到了庞巴维克以后，资本主义政治经济学因资本统治的巩固并步入市场经济体制</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">已完全没有必要考虑财富的根据，他们关注的是市场交易中如何使资本利润最大化</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">价值己没有任何考虑的必要</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">应当关心的只是价格。从此价值概念也被他们驱逐出经济学体系。</span></font><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma;">[3]</span></sup></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">马克思在前人研究的基础上，批判继承了李嘉图的劳动价值论。同时马克思也认识到资产阶级政治经济学</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">“</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">没有给劳动提供任何东西</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">,</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">而是给私有财产提供了一切</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">”</span></font><sup><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma;">
                                <span lang="EN-US">[4]</span></span></sup><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">（</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">马克思恩格斯选集第一卷</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">）</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">于是他以解释资本主义生产关系为己任，运用抽象的工具论证了资本主义生产的实质。为了实现自己的研究目标</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">马克思并没有把精力放在经济现象的研究上，而是通过对商品的分析直接讨论了隐藏在资本主义商品生产和交换背后的剥削关系</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">批判了资本主义经济学家的辩护性和虚伪性。</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma;"></span></sup></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">从价值理论发展的脉络我们可以看到，不同学者对价值来源的看法取决于其论证的目的，在观点的取舍上有很强的实用主义倾向。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><b><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">二、马克思劳动价值论的地位和作用</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">马克思价值理论的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">基础</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">是劳动价值论，对其地位和作用的不同理解就决定了对发展马克思经济理论的不同态度。笔者认为，在马克思经济理论中，劳动价值论应该以假设前提的身份存在</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">它在马克思劳动经济理论中的地位就象经济人假设在西方主流经济学中的地位一样。</span></font><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma;">[5]</span></sup></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">为什么只有劳动才能创造价值？这个问题的回答和回答为什么经济参与者是经济人的回答一样，最终会上升到哲学的高度。马克思的经济学思想有一个核心的理念，那就是以人为核心，高度重视人在社会发展中的作用。这种理念充分地现在他对人类社会发展的看法上。在他看来，只有人类自身的劳动才是社会发展的根本动力。同时，人类社会发展又以人为主体，以人类自身发展为目的。人之外的其他物资都是客体，是人类社会发展的条件，为人类发展服务。正是基于这种理念，马克思才坚定地认为只有人类的劳动才是价值的源泉。受到传统政治经济学教育的影响，当我们提到劳动价值论和剩余价值论，我们首先想到的是资本家和工人的对立。然而，真正意义上的对立是劳动和资本的对立，从实质上说是人和物的对立。劳动价值论和剩余价值论无非是要说明推动人类社会发展的不是物而是人的劳动，包括资本家的劳动，马克思也认为资本家的利润中也包含一点属于工资的东西。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">劳动价值论是一种工具，是社会生产中人们社会关系具体化的工具，其功能是抽象地定性地分析人们之间的社会关系</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">。</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">从抽象的角度说</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">马克思的劳动价值论是在排除掉纷繁复杂资本主义商品生产和交换现象</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">直接把握住资本主义生产的实质，即资本对劳动的控制和剥削</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">；</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">从定性的角度看，马克思利用这两个抽象的工具把社会价值分成了三个部分，其目的就是要说明不同部分在社会价值创造中的不同作用</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">。</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">至于各个部分的具体数量并不是理论的核心</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">社会必要劳动时间等概念只是为了定性分析的方便而创立的抽象的工具</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">。</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">在以往研究中，我们往往认为马克思的价值理论就是价格形成理论，这是没有分清抽象和表象，更没有认清马克思价值理论的实质。实际上，马克思的价值理论只是要说明价格最终是有劳动决定的，这种分析是定性的，抽象的，因此，马克思的价值理论说到底是价格决定理论而不是价格形成理论。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><b><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">三、从人类社会发展的角度理解马克思价值概念的实质</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">人类社会是如何发展的，其表现形式是什么，这是两个比较复杂的问题。如果抽象</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">地看</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，我们可以把社会发展抽象为社会剩余的存续。剩余在这里也是一个抽象概念，是对社会发展增量的抽象描述。社会发展增量可以理解为此刻与上一刻相比人类社会的物质财富和精神财富所体现价值的增加量。人类社会进步的表现形式就是社会剩余的存续</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">如果社会没有剩余</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">即物资财富全部消费掉，精神财富无法传承和发展，那么人类就会停止发展</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">社会剩余是谁创造的呢？劳动价值论者认为只有人才可以创造社会剩余，效用价值论者坚持人和物都创造社会剩余。现实的情况是，二者的理论依据都不是基于实证而是某些理念。依据上面提到的理念，我们可以给社会剩余的创造提供清晰的解释。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">要说明社会剩余就不得不提社会存量（其内涵参考社会剩余），存量是一个历史范畴，它是社会剩余积累的结果，可以看成是社会剩余的历史积累总额。存量还是一个动态的量，那是因为社会剩余是在不断变动的，如果剩余为正，那么存量就会增加，如果剩余为</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">零</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">或为负，存量就位保持不变或减少。按照马克思的分析方法，从某一个时点看社会存量可以分解为</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">C</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">＋</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">V</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">＋</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">M</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">，其中我们可以把</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">C</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">理解为物，</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">V</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">理解为人，而</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">M</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">则是社会剩余。从人类社会发展的角度来看，</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">C</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">即物的存量或潜在存量是永恒不变的，唯一可以转变的只能是形式的改变。我们可以考察瓷器的制作过程，由泥变成瓷，改变的只是其形式，从物的角度看既没有增加什么也没有减少什么，但是其前后的市场价值却发生了很大变化。这个劳动过程是社会剩余存续的必要过程，但不是是充分过程。只有所有人的劳动所得不但满足了自己的需要还有剩余时，社会剩余的存续还可能存在，社会存量才会增加。这也是为什么马克思认为只有商品生产才会创造价值，自给自足的生产不能创造价值的原因。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">在现实经济社会里，社会存量以财富的价格总量为表现形式，在社会存量的分布上以产权为依据。在社会存量分布格局的调整中，商品交换是通用手段。在商品交换中，交换双方只是在通过货币量的转移来变动社会存量的分布格局，但是，社会存量并没有发生增减。因此，在分析中，我们有必要区分社会剩余的创造活动和分配活动。以钻石的买卖为例，某钻石由甲以</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">3</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">万元的价格转移到乙手中，只是乙以自己</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">3</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">万元所代表的社会存量换取了这块钻石，这些社会存量就转移到甲手中。此后，乙又以</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">5</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">万元的价格将该钻石转移到丙手中，表面上看是乙从中赚取了</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">2</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">万元，但实际上只是社会存量在分布上发生了变化，社会并没有因为乙赚取了</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">2</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">万元而有所发展。这种社会经济活动可以称为社会剩余分配活动。社会剩余分配活动只是转变社会存量的分布状况，但并没有创造社会剩余，但是这并不意味着它不重要。没有社会剩余分配活动就不会有创造活动，就象没有商品交换就不会有商品生产一样。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">马克思的劳动价值论就是用来论证这一过程的理论工具，它的作用就是使这些思想阐释的更有逻辑</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">性</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><b><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">四、正确理解价值分析与价格分析的关系</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">上面已经提到，马克思的价值理论只是一个价值决定理论而不是价格形成理论，它只能抽象地说明价格来自于何处而不是要说明劳动时间如何决定价值量。在我们以往的政治经济学研究中，我们往往把马克思的价值论当成了价格形成理论，最为代表性的结论是认为价格在围绕价值波动。这样显然把价值看作了一个具体的值。事实上，价值作为一个抽象概念是不具有定量分析特征的，即使马克思提到的社会必要劳动时间，也只是一个抽象的分析工具，虽然它可以对社会经济现象进行具有说服力的解释，但是我们却不可能算出一个社会的社会必要劳动时间。因此我们有必须正确理解价值分析与价格分析的关系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">首先，二者在分析层次上是不一致的，价值理论运用的是抽象分析，价格理论是具体分析；价值理论的研究对象是以商品生产和交换为依托的社会关系，价格理论就是以分析物质交换为己任。这一区别造成了二者根本就没有可比性，一百多年的争论如果还停留在以往的态势上是根本不会有什么结果的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">其次，价值分析以说明价值创造为核心目的，价格理论是说明价值分配为核心目的。社会增量由劳动创造是价值理论的全部内容</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">它很难解释现实经济生活中不同经济主体对现有社会存量的分配情况</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">；</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">价格理论可以说明现实经济社会中以交易为媒介的经济活动导致的价值分配情况</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，但是它并不能说明被分配的价值是如何被创造出来的，即价格理论是以价值自然存在为假设前提的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">再次，尽管二者的分析层次不一致，但他们都以同一个客体为载体，研究的是同一个社会的不同方面。价值理论也是以商品为载体的，它是通过具体的商品交换抽象出背后的社会关系；价格分析既以商品为载体也以商品为目的。尽管价值不可定量分析，但是价值可以决定价格实际反映的范围。譬如，某一时点的价值存量是一定的，利用不同的货币来衡量会得出不同的价格总额，但是其内涵是一样的，因此二者是互补的。具体地说，价值分析是抽象地分析社会关系，价格分析则在具体地分析社会现象，它们之间并不冲突。譬如价值理论可以把社会剩余的创造归因于人类劳动，这是抽象的，本质的；价格分析也可以把价值分配归因为市场竞争，资源稀缺等因素，则是具体的，表象的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">总之，价值分析和价格分析之间是完全可以互补的，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">他们是</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">在不同的层面上分析社会经济。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><b><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">五、结论</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">社会经济是一个客观事实，针对它的研究之所以得出各种不同的而且各有说服力的结论很有可能就是因为研究者的角度不一样，很难说哪个正确哪个不正确。笔者认为在价值理论研究中的实用主义倾向是造成持续百年争论的原因。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">马克思的价值理论是分析人类社会发展的伟大武器，它能够让我们看到社会发展的实质</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">还揭示了资本主义生产条件下的社会实质即资本对劳动的控制与剥削</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">这一点具有重大的社会意义。同时我们也应该看到，由于马克思的分析是抽象的，是站在人类历史发展的角度研究社会的，因此它对很多具体社会经济现象缺乏解释力。事实上，解释具体经济现象并不是马克思价值理论的核心目的。由于马克思价值理论的抽象性和宏观性</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">我们完全可以把把西方主流经济学的理论体系包涵其内</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">，</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">在坚持马克思价值理论的前提下整合经济学体系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">因此，在宏观上我们应该坚持马克思的价值理论，在具体问题分析上，我们又应该超越价值理论，从而更好地为社会经济发展服务。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><font face="宋体"><b><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">参考文献：</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">[1] [</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">英</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">]</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">彼罗</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">·</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">斯拉法</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">.</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">李嘉图著作和通信集</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">[M].</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">商务印书馆</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">,1962.</span></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">[2] [</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">英</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">]</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">亚当</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">·</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">斯密</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">.</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">国富论</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">[M].</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">陕西人民出版社</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">,2002.</span></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">[3] </span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">马克思</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma;">.</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">《</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">1844</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">年经济学</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">-</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">哲学手稿》</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">[M]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">
                </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">人民出版社，</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma;">1979.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;"></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">[</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma;">4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">] </span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">白暴力</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">.</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">劳动创造价值论</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">[M].</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">中国人民大学出版社，</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">2004. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma;"></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 1.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .15gd; mso-para-margin-top: .15gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma;">[5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">]  </span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">张宇、孟捷、卢荻</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">.</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">高级政治经济学</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">[M].</span><span lang="ZH" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="宋体">中国人民大学出版社，</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-fareast-language: ZH;">2006</span></p>

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关键词：价值理论 社会发展 人类社会 马克思 中国人民大学出版社 亚里士多德 马克思 托马斯 经济学 阿奎那

马克思的劳动价值论是政治工具,不是经济工具

还需要研究。

劳动价值论好象还是内在地规定了价格围绕价值波动，不管是用需求供给曲线、还是理性人假设、还是什么其他假设作为这种运动的动力源。如果这个判断成立，那劳动价值论还是有直接量化操作的根据。

尝试用不同的视角来解释同一种理论，是寻求其合理性呢？亦或是其他？

一个问题是，当初理论的创建者是否与解读者的视角是一致的呢？当初理论者的初衷是什么呢？

非常认同LZ的观点，我认为价格应该是货币表示的人类对价值的主观认识，应该把认识论的观点引入到价格理论中。这样就可以更清晰的解释价格和价值的哲学关系，更清晰的认识到一些商品为什么没有价值但有价格，更清晰的认识到地租的来源。

“这样显然把价值看作了一个具体的值。事实上，价值作为一个抽象概念是不具有定量分析特征的，即使马克思提到的社会必要劳动时间，也只是一个抽象的分析工具”

不太赞同此观点，马克思在资本论里有这样一句话“那么，它的价值量是怎样计量的呢？是用他所包含的‘形成价值的实体’即劳动的量来计量。劳动本身的量是用劳动的持续时间来计量，而劳动时间又是用一定的时间单位如小时、日做尺度”
马克思的本意显然是要量化价值的，要不然后面的很多价值、剩余价值、生产成本、利润都是没有逻辑基础的

但是劳动的量化，而且是同质劳动的量化确实是比较复杂的

在宏观上怎么坚持马克思的价值理论？在具体问题分析上，又怎么超越价值理论？

说了半天，也没有说清楚劳动价值论是什么，也没有说清楚价值是怎样创造出来的。

价值好比是数学中的数，重量中的克，体积中的立方厘米，等。没有准确的价值概念就没有科学的经济学。你这样认识价值，对吗？