发布时间： 来源：人大经济论坛

1 论文标题
Gender in Transition: The Case of North Korea
2 作者信息
Stephan Haggard and Marcus Noland
3 出处和链接（比如，NBER working paper No.11000）
http://www.piie.com/publications/wp/wp12-11.pdf J U N E 2 0 1 2
4 摘要
h is paper uses a survey of 300 North Korean refugees to examine the experience of women in North Korea’s i tful
economic transition. Like other socialist states, North Korea has maintained a de jure commitment to women’s rights.
However, we i nd that women have been disproportionately shed from state-ailiated employment and thrust into a
market environment characterized by weak institutions and corruption. As a result, the state and its ailiated institutions
are increasingly populated by males, and the market, particularly in its retail aspects, is dominated by women. Among
the most recent cohort of refugees to leave North Korea, more than one-third of male respondents indicate that criminality and corruption is the best way to make money, and 95 percent of female traders report paying bribes to avoid the
penal system. In short, the increasingly male-dominated state preys on the increasingly female-dominated market. h ese
results paint a picture of a vulnerable group that has been disadvantaged in North Korea’s transition. Energies are directed
toward survival, mass civil disobedience is reactive, and as a group, this population appears to lack the tools or social
capital to act collectively to improve their status.
本文已被World Development杂志接受。