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浅谈先进事迹材料的写作_论文写作
浅谈先进事迹材料的写作_论文写作 浅谈先进事迹材料的写作写作先进事迹材料，一般有两种情况：一是先进个人，如先进工作者、优秀党员、劳动模范等；一是先进集体或先进单位，如先进党支部、先进车间或科室，抗洪抢险先进集体等。无论是先进个人还是先进集体，他们的先进事迹，内容各不相同，因此要整理材料，不可能固定一个模式。一般来说，可大体从以下方面进行整理。 (1)要拟定恰当的标题。先进事迹材料的标题，有两部分内容必不可少，一是要写明先进个人姓名和先进集体的名称，使人一眼便看出是哪个人或哪个集体、哪个单位的先进事迹。二是要概括标明先进事迹的主要内容或材料的用途。例如《王××同志端正党风的先进事迹》、《关于评选张××同志为全国新长征突击手的材料》、《关于评选××处党支部为省直机关先进党支部的材料》等o (2)正文。正文的开头，要写明先进个人的简要情况，包括：姓名、性别、年龄、工作单位、职务、是否党团员等。此外，还要写明有关单位准备授予他(她)什么荣誉称号，或给予哪种形式的奖励。对先进集体、先进单位，要根据其先进事迹的主要内容，寥寥数语即应写明，不须用更多的文字。 然后，要写先进人物或先进集体的主要事迹。这部分内容是全篇材料的主体，要下功夫写好，关键是要写得既具体，又不繁琐；既概括，又不抽象；既生动形象，又很实在。总之，就是要写得很有说服力，让人一看便可得出够得上先进的结论。比如，写一位端正党风先进人物的事迹材料，就应当着重写这位同志在发扬党的优良传统和作风方面都有哪些突出的先进事迹，在同不正之风作斗争中有哪些突出的表现。又如，写一位搞改革的先进人物的事迹材料，就应当着力写这位同志是从哪些方面进行改革的，已经取得了哪些突出的成果，特别是改革前后的．经济效益或社会效益都有了哪些明显的变化。在写这些先进事迹时，无论是先进个人还是先进集体的，都应选取那些具有代表性的具体事实来说明。必要时还可运用一些数字，以增强先进事迹材料的说服力。 为了使先进事迹的内容眉目清晰、更加条理化，在文字表述上还可分成若干自然段来写，特别是对那些涉及较多方面的先进事迹材料，采取这种写法尤为必要。如果将各方面内容材料都混在一起，是不易写明的。在分段写时，最好在每段之前根据内容标出小标题，或以明确的观点加以概括，使标题或观点与内容浑然一体。 最后，是先进事迹材料的署名。一般说，整理先进个人和先进集体的材料，都是以本级组织或上级组织的名义；是代表组织意见的。因此，材料整理完后，应经有关领导同志审定，以相应一级组织正式署名上报。这类材料不宜以个人名义署名。 写作典型经验材料-般包括以下几部分： (1)标题。有多种写法，通常是把典型经验高度集中地概括出来，一般不采用公文标题的写法。这种集中概括出来的标题，既包含正文中各部分典型经验的内容，又不是这些内容的简单重复，可以说就是典型经验的主题。 (2)开头。一般是展示典型经验的背景材料和突出的成果。背景材料包括典型的自然情况、社会背景等，既要写出典型经验出现的环境，又不要冗长、罗唆。成果，要概括写出最为突出之点，并尽可能与背景材料相映衬。有的也把成果放在材料的尾部来写，这要根据具体材料安排。 (3)主体。对典型经验的具体展开，是典型经验材料的核心部分。写作这部分内容，一般是从总体上把典型经验按照一定的逻辑关系分成几个部分。几部分都是紧紧围绕标题，服务于标题，说明标题；各部分之间要有内在联系，但不能互相重复，互相包含，要相对独立地处在一个统一体内。 一般来说，这部分内容的表述，应当既要有思想，又应有具体做法或实例，既要有面上的综合，又应有点上的说明，最好还要有一些必要的数字。 写作先进典型材料，应当注意以下一些问题： (1)事实必须真实、可靠。先进典型材料的先进事迹是否真实，直接关系到先进典型的生命力。只有绝对真实才能使先进典型真正具有教育人、鼓舞人的作用。因此，凡是材料中反映的先进思想、先进事迹和典型经验，一定要认真核对清楚，不允许有半点虚假、拔高或拼凑及张冠李戴的情况，不能把道听途说、未经核实的"先进事迹"和"经验"写入材料。如果确实一时难以搞清楚，宁可暂时不写，也不能勉强凑数。 (2)观点和提法要分寸恰当。在叙述先进典型的先进事迹和经验时，要注意摆正先进典型和其他群众、集体的关系。许多先进个人、先进集体的事迹，都不是单枪匹马干成的，是与周围群众和其他集体、单位的大力支持分不开的。因此，讲先进典型的事迹、经验，一定要注意切不可讲那些脱离群众、脱离整体观念的过头话。否则，就不能起到先进典型的带动作用。 (3)文字要朴实、简明。整理先进典型材料，主要是通过实实在在的事实说话。这就要求在语言文字的表达上，一定要善于选择那些实在、贴切的词语。不要过多选用做修饰成分或言过其实的形容词。不要讲空话、套话，硬拉架子做文章。话要说得简洁明了，凡是能用较少的话把事情说清楚的，就不要把话拉长。
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入党志愿书填写方法_论文写作
入党志愿书填写方法_论文写作 注意事项： 1、志愿书每人仅有一本，遗失和写错不补，并失去入党资格。 2、必须用黑色钢笔或签字笔填写。 3、认真阅读志愿书内说明事项，逐一填写每个栏目，不能有任何错别字和涂改，不能空栏，若该栏目确无内容填写的，则在该栏目内注明无字（无字要写在空白格子内的中间，大小适中）。表内的年、月、日一律用公历和阿拉伯数字。 具体填写方法 1、封面 申请人姓名处亲笔签名 2、《入党志愿书》中入党申请人自己填写的部分，p1-7页的所有栏目。 3、第1页 如实填写 学历：本科在读或专科在读。 学位或职称：无 单位、职务或职业：例如：东莞理工学院07级计算机科学与技术2班 学生 现居住地：目前家庭住址 4、入党志愿 请打好草稿交给负责同学审查后方可填写，注意不用题头，称谓和落款，字数适当写到第3页。 入党志愿内容不能完全照抄入党申请书。开头不用写称谓，结尾不用落款和日期。入党志愿的内容包括以下几个方面： （1） 入党的态度。一般第一段第一句话要明确写出我志愿加入中国共产党。 （2） 对党的认识。主要包括：如何认识党的纲领和章程；如何认识党史，尤其亲身经历过的重 大事件，如何认识党的领导和现行的路线、方针、政策。 （3） 入党动机、目的。一般讲，入党动机是各种因素的综合，但最终惟一正确的入党动机只有一个，就是实现共产主义的社会制度，全心全意为人民服务。因此应对每一个因素进行分析，写出达到最终正确入党动机的思想演变过程。 （4） 自己的优缺点。要一分为二看待自己的优缺点，并逐一分析，要有发扬优点，克服缺点的决心和措施。 （5） 入党的决心。申请人最后要表态，一方面要表明如果党组织接受自己的入党申请，今后自己的努力方向。另一方面要表明如果自己的入党申请不被接受，那证明自身的条件还不够成熟，应表决心如何努力改正自己的不足，接受党组织的考验，争取早日成为一名党员。 5、第4页 本人经历 例如：XX年9月 XX年年7月 在东莞中学读高中 任学习委员 张三 6、何时何地加入中国共产主义青年团 例如：于XX年9月在东莞中学加入中国共产主义青年团 7、怎样填写何时何地因何原因受过何种奖励或处分？ 填写经过组织（一般为院级及以上单位）批准所给予的一些正式的奖励和处分，一般的口头表扬、物质奖励不必填写。 8、第8页 若无配偶，则在姓名处写无。 家庭主要成员情况填写与自己有直接血缘关系或婚姻关系的人，包括配偶、父母和子女，以及和本人长期一起生活的人（如：兄弟姐妹）。 例如：父子 张三 1955年6月 群众 广东东莞x公司x部任科长 政治面貌只有四种：中共党员，民主党派，群众，共青团员 如果在家务农则要写明具体地址 9、怎样填写主要社会关系情况？ 填写同本人有密切来往和对本人影响较深的亲戚和朋友。 10、需要向党组织说明的问题填写无 11、本人签名，日期写当前日期 12、第8页 请填写者在所属党支部内找两名正式党员做入党介绍人填写意见。 主要填写对被介绍人的思想觉悟、政治品质、工作表现等方面的看法，最后一定要表明态度，是否愿意介绍其加入中国共产党。
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英文摘要的写作要求_论文写作
英文摘要的写作要求_论文写作 英文摘要的写作要求目前，由作者写作的英文摘要，绝大多数都比较粗糙，离参与国际交流的要求相距甚远，需要进行大的修改，有时甚至是重写。这一方面是由于作者英文写作水平有限;另一方面也由于大多数作者对英文摘要的写作要求和国际惯例不甚了解。下面就根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求，谈谈如何写好科技论文的英文摘要。目前，由作者写作的英文摘要，绝大多数都比较粗糙，离参与国际交流的要求相距甚远，需要进行大的修改，有时甚至是重写。这一方面是由于作者英文写作水平有限;另一方面也由于大多数作者对英文摘要的写作要求和国际惯例不甚了解。下面就根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求，谈谈如何写好科技论文的英文摘要。 《EI》中国信息部要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的"目的(Purposes)"，主要的研究"过程(Procedures)"及所采用的"方法(Methods)"，由此得到的主要 "结果(Results)"和得出的重要"结论(Conclusions)"表达清楚。如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。也就是说，要写好英文摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题： 1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?) 2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?) 3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?) 4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?) 5.3 英文摘要各部分的写作 根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求，英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式，但一般来说，英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括，并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。 5.3.1 目的（What I want to do?） 目的。主要说明作者写作此文的目的，或本文主要解决的问题。一般来说，一篇好的英文摘要，一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。必要时，可利用论文中所列的最新文献，简要介绍前人的工作，但这种介绍一定要极其简练。在这方面，《EI》提出了两点具体要求： 1） Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息)． 2） Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。 5.3.2 过程与方法(How I did it?) 过程及方法。主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法，也应包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。在英文摘要中，过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。开头交待了要解决的问题(What I want to do)之后，接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题(How I did it)，而且，最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时，最常见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物，只有定性的描述，使读者很难清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。因此，在说明过程与方法时，应结合(指向)论文中的公式、实验框图等来进行阐述，这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路，又给那些看不懂中文(但却可以看懂公式、图、表等)的英文读者以一种可信的感觉。 5.3.3 结果和结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?) 结果和结论部分代表着文章的主要成就和贡献，论文有没有价值，值不值得读者阅读，主要取决于你所获得的结果和所得出的结论。因此，在写作结果和结论部分时，一般都要尽量结合实验结果或仿真结果的图、表、曲线等来加以说明，使结论部分言之有物，有根有据；同时，对那些看不懂中文的英文读者来说，通过这些图表，结合英文摘要的说明就可以比较清楚地了解论文的结果和结论。也只有这样，论文的结论才有说服力。如有可能，在结尾部分还可以将论文的结果和他人最新的研究结果进行比较，以突出论文的主要贡献和创新、独到之处(回答What is new and original in this paper)。 5.3.4 如何提高英文摘要的文字效能 《EI》很看重英文摘要的文字效能。为了提高文字效能，应尽量删去所有多余的字、句。在这方面，《EI》提出了两个原则： 1) Limit the abstract to new information(摘要中只谈新的信息)。 ２）trive for brevity(尽量使摘要简洁)。就目前来看，由于大多数作者在英文写作方面都比较欠缺，因此，由作者所写的英文摘要离《EI》的要求相距甚远。有的作者写出很长的英文摘要，但文字效能很低，多余的字、句很多；有的作者写的英文摘要很短，但也存在多余的字句。总而言之，就是文字的信息含量少。因此，《EI》中国信息部还对英文摘要的写作提出了以下几点具体要求。 5.3.5 关于英文摘要的句法 关于英文摘要的句法，《EI》提出了以下三个一般原则： 1) 尽量用短句(use short sentences)。 2) 描述作者的工作一般用过去时态(因为工作是在过去做的)，但在陈述由这些工作所得出的结论时，应该用现在时态。 3) 一般都应使用动词的主动语态，如：写成A exceeds B比写成B is exceeded by A更好。
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英文论文写作常用句子_论文写作
英文论文写作常用句子_论文写作 英文论文写作常用句子Beginningl In this paper, we focus on the need for l This paper proceeds as follow.l The structure of the paper is as follows.l In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related conceptsl To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introductionl This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.l Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.l In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non‑fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Reviewl This review is followed by an introduction. l A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.l In the next section a brief view of the .... is given. l In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...l Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.l Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Bodyl Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.l Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision‑making logic.l Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxxl Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.l Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time‑windowl Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...l Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.l Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.l Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.l Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.l Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rulesl The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.l Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.l Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set‑based approach to cost variance investigation.l Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.l Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.l Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.l Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.l Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..l Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.l Section 6 illustrate the model with an example.l Various ways of fuzzification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.l In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM systeml In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.l In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order‑dense.l In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.l In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Sectionl In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.l We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Sectionl The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.l However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.l The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.l We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.l The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummaryl This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.l Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.l Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.l Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.l Finally, conclusions and future work are summarizedl The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.l Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstractl A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.l This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.l This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.l The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.l The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.l The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithms.l The usefulness of xx is also considered.l A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.l The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.l A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.l Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.l The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.l Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.l This paper analyses problems in l This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...l This paper includes an illustration of the ...l This paper provides an overview and information useful for approachingl Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.l The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xxl Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.l The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of : xx,xxl The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.l A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTimel Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive l Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial worldl The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the l The development of ... is exploredl During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions,l The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent yearsl There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...l A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...l A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.l At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xxl Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.l The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].l To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purposel The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:l The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non‑experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer‑aided instruction for xxx.l The paper concerns the development of a xxl The scope of this research lies inl The main theme of the paper is the application of rule‑based decision making.l These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...l The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:l The primary purpose/consideration/objective ofl The ultimate goal of this concept is to providel The main objective of such a ... system is tol The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.l In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:l In order to take advantage of their similarityl more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completedl In this trial, the objective is to generate...l for the sake of concentrating on ... research issuesl A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.l For an illustrative purpose, four well‑known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.l A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methodsl This illustration points out the need to specifyl The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.l Chapter 2. Literature Reviewl A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xxl A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decadel A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.l There is considerable amount of literature on planningl However, these studies do not provide much attention to undertainty in xx.l Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.l Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.l Problem of xx draw recently more and more attention of system analysis.l Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of l Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.l Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.l The central issue in all these studies is to l The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.l Applied ... techniques tol Characterized the ... system asl Developed an algorithm tol Developed a system called ... whichl Uses an iterative algorithm to deducel Emphasized the need tol Identifies six key issues surrounding high technologyl A comprehensive study of the .. has been undertaken l Much work has been reported recently in these filedl Proposedl Presentedl State thatl Point out that the problem of l Describedl Illustratedl Indicatedl Has shown / showedl Addressl Highlightsl A study on ...was done / developed by []l Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only withl The approach taken by [] isl The system developed by [] consistsl A paper relevant to this research was published by []l []'s model requires consideration of ..l []' model draws attention to evolution in human developmentl []'s model focuses on...l Little research has been conducted in applying ... tol The published information that is relevant to this research...l This study further shows thatl Their work is based on the principle of l More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].l Studies have been completed to establishedl The ...studies indicated that l Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Questionl Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.l Remedy / solve / alleviate these problemsl ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolvedl Two major problems have yet to be addressedl An unanswered questionl This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.l An additional research issue to be tackled is ....l Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussedl The three prime issues can be summarized:l The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...l There have been many attempts to l It is expected to be serious barrier to l It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex problem.l There are several ways to get around this problem.l As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.l The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.l A xx problem can trace its roots to xx.l xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem.l Several problems are associated with them.l Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized.l Most problems in practice are complicatedl More problem surface here.l Hamper effort toward a xx systeml In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xxl The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to developl This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination.l However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems.l It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real‑world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx.Chapter 3. Proposed methodologyAssumptionl In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied.l We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state‑dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature.l An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress.l Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent.l Main simplifying assumptions are:l This, in our view, is a questionable assumption.Outline / Structure / Modulel An outline of the researchl Information is incorporated within the schemel Is built into ... structurel A nice modular structure.l The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteriaClassificationl A xx system comprises three main components:l Must decompose the original .. into a set of ..l Consists of the following steps:l This is summarized in the following steps:l Can be broadly classified into the following areas:l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing thel Can allow further breadth of application of ...into morel The following steps should be followedl xx can be classified by a different ways.l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following:l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing.Systeml Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer.l The system consists of both ... and ...l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels.l expert system domains are area of expertisel To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered:l The system has been developed / designed to determinel The system has proven to be able to l The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domainl The system comprises a ... withl The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... techniquel The system environment must be relatively stablel The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ...l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage.l The most essential part of .. system is the ...l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development of l An automated system was developed forl In this case, the system can be considered to be generative.l An interactive automatic ... systeml A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. systeml Should be capable of being generated from a ... systeml xx is an important part of the integrated system.l The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision.l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin‑like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base.l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule.Computer Systeml The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an MS‑DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WATFOR77 results in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on a XX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem.l Time consuming procedures have been implemented in C‑language and directly linked to the Prolog environment.l The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds.l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386‑based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co‑processor.l The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx method and the other based on the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co‑processor.l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time.l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer.l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this studyl Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations.l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min.l This combination is being implemented in an objected‑oriented programming environment (Smalltalk‑80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx.Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Techniquel A discussion is presented of a problem-solving systeml To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied.l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of thel Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally accepted l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report.l This can be accomplished byl This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows:l The above preliminary analysis has provided important informationl Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum...l These concepts have been applied to l On the basis of the concept mentioned above,l This can be achieved byl This fact suggests that a new conceptl This was accomplished by taking ...l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process.l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibilityl There is little hope of achieving successful ...l There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception ofl Only a few studies can be found.l It is a very tedious process to go throughl It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effectedl The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head.l These approaches are sometimes very tedious.l Several techniques can be usedl A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]:l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx.l A xx model represents an xx by its xx.l A process decision model captures the logic essential tol From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ...l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula.l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ...l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system.l A number of heuristic rules have been developed forl Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so thatl An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determinel Euler's formula states the following:l The completed model should agree with the formula.l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessaryl Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, l To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful.Point of Viewl from an implementation standpoint,l From the point of view of this application,l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short).l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions.l From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm.l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129]Justificationl We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and canl Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate.l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement.l A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell‑shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis. l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if‑the" rule.Chapter 4. ExamplesExample/ Datal The data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx technique.l The data consists of over xx measurements.l An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared with a xxl Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be applied are xx, xx, etc.l The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the computational procedure discussed.l This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods.l There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those wishing this level of detail.l Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper.Comparisonsl As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view will be discussed.l The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitablel As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously],Relationl We can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one mapping.l The relationships appear very complicatel Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between the task variables and the human operator's characteristics.l These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ...l The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can establish a relationship among terms such as high, medium, and low, and then modify these relationships.l This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former.l The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product.Importancel The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to rule based decision making.Consideration / Attentionl Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure l Such a formulation does not change further considerations.l Considerable attention has been paid tol Attention should be paid to an important finding of this investigation.l Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ...l Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others can be accommodatedl After ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried out/performed to determinel A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration before making the appropriate decision.l It should be noted thatl It is important to point out that ...l These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of providing ...l We should stress the fundamental importance of the xxChapter 5. Results.Advantages / Disadvantagel One of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it can be applied to the experimental study ofl One advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it.l The xx system is versatilel It has a very fast decision making processl All the algorithms involve mostly logical operations.l It can be easily and without additional cost implemented in a microprocessor‑based environment.l It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch.l The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the following:l However, xx is not without its shortcomings.l In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing xxx.l Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generally reduced by 5% to 9%.l The "best case" results shows a savings of 6% to 9%.l Most of the existing works based on xx approach can only recognize a xx .l Most of the above methods are computational expansive and limited to xx.l Some other advantages of xx are the following:l The problem is the limitation of this method to a limited domain of parts.l It proved limited in application because it demanded precision in system modeling that was impossible in practice.l There are advantages to be gained in the structuring of costs and benefits, the use of xx, l The disadvantages of this method are also disadvantages of conventional xx approaches.l This combines the best features of both techniquesl Hopefully, this tool can be as the reference framework of for developing a xx platform, and helping the administration, marketing, and knowledge management activities in virtual communities.Resultsl An improvement on the result shown above can be made by based on the data providedl Discussion of these theories is beyond the scope of this reviewl Based on the information contained in thisl The result can be categorized into nine classesl The results are illustrated by an examplel The experimental results for each xx time are reported in Table 2.l From the results obtained so far, it seem thatl Because of the inaccuracy of the ..., a conclusion cannot be drawn as l Although much effort has been made to., this reality is far from completion.l The results indicate that the total benefits are higher than the total costs.l Their results may then serve as guidelines for lower level models, less fuzzy and more detailed.Chapter 6. Conclusionl From the discussion, one may conclude that ...l Form the above discussion, the conclusion can be reached that l The conclusions drawn are also validl In conclusion to this, it becomes obvious that the problem of xx lies not only in...l We have attempted to introduce some concepts associated with a theory of xx based on fuzzy sets.l Considerable more work, hopefully, will be done in this areal A fuzzy set procedure is proposed to solve xx selection problems interwoven with imprecise datal Employing the compositional rule of inference, the assessment of the xx compatibility in achieving prescribed xx projectiles in any level of the hierarchy is made possible.l This paper has presented a theoretical and experimental study of the xx process and xx concept.l The experimental research results will hopefully serve as useful feedback information for improvements for xx work.l The scope of this contribution was to introduce a xx method.l In general, fuzzy sets theory provides an alternative foundation for xx analysis in a fuzzy environment.Future Researchl Thus, first extension of the approach could be, l Present some cues for a further approach from Fuzzy Sets Theory application to l Some improvements to the scheduling aspect of the model may be brought through additional levels in the hierarchy for more detailed representation of the scheduling activity.Tables and Figuresl Figure 7-1 sketches these relationships.l The graphical representation of these functions is shown in Figure 1.l The xx may be depicted as in Figure 1.l Figure x shows the schematic diagram of the l Figure 1 though 2 provide a ... thatl the architecture of this expert system for .... is illustrated in Figure 2.l Figure 2 gives the outline of an ... systeml Table shows thel as shown in Table 1 and 2l This concept is illustrated in Figure 2l At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data. l Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as row‑headings, xx through xx as column‑headings.l A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are made.CONJUGATIONTo Indicate Additionl additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, besides, equally important, especially, finally, for the same reason, first, further, furthermore, in addition, last, likewise, moreover, next, second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, broadly speakingTo Indicate Cause and Effectl accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in short, otherwise, then, therefore, thus, trulyTo indicate Comparisonl in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternativelyTo Indicate Concessionl after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, even so , I admit, naturally, of courseTo Indicate Contrastl and yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in contrast, in the real life, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, traditionally, rather, unfortunately,To Indicate Time Relationshipsl after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon as, at last, at length, at the moment, at that time, at the same time, before, earlier, currently, immediately, in the meantime, in recent years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, whileTo Indicate Special Features or Examplesl for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, in particular, in practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this respect, theoretically, as mentioned before / aboveTo Indicate Summaryl in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to conclude, in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately,VERB PHASEl build a .. modell build up the key linkl began a new era in ...l can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained throughl can result inl carries out ... tasks l production information in order to simultaneouslyl contains all information necessary to describel do
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韩济生院士：如何向SCI杂志投稿_论文写作
韩济生院士：如何向SCI杂志投稿_论文写作 韩济生院士：如何向SCI杂志投稿如何向SCI杂志投稿 韩济生 何谓SCI杂志 SCI：Science Citation Index ISI：Institute for Scientific Information 出版 收录全世界数千种优秀杂志，其论文被称为SCI论文 外圈：SCI Search，收录5000＋种，中国20＋种 内圈：SCI CDE光盘版，收录3000＋种，中国不到10种 〔理论依据〕80/20规则，20%有代表性的刊物包含80%有用信息 Impact Factor，IF：0-51 〔计算方法〕某杂志两年内被引用论文次数/可以被引用论文数 中国SCI：Science in China，Science Bulletine，Chinese Medical Journal，Acta Phatrmacologica Sinica，IF＝0.3± 中国作者的SCI论文80＋%发表于国外杂志，此比例可能进一步加剧 各国SCI论文平均IF：中国0.94，韩国1.24，日本2.99 准备投稿 选择SCI杂志（IF0.5,一般1-2即可），必须找到该杂志，找出其风格 仔细阅读投稿简则，包括文献格式等等（可以从网上down） 先写出中文稿，再译成英文，免走弯路 英文应用简单句 已发表的论文中的句型尽量套用，特别是方法部分 论文书写 摘要：Aim,Methods,Results,Conclusion,结构式，不分段。简洁明快，信息量大。 引言：回顾全貌，提出特定问题，说明本工作的目的。必须充分引用别人的成果。知而不引，是不道德行为。 方法：不能只引文献，应说明要点，使人能重复。 结果：图表的设计非常重要（中国人多用表而少用图，应当纠正）。 不解自明self-explanatory 图表与文字不要过多重复 最后把事实明确（不能推翻） 论文书写 讨论：是全文的灵魂 明确事实的基础上，说明其意义，加深印象 从不同角度，更全面的视角来提出问题（横/纵，纵/横），必要时可用一个diagram加以表述 每一段有一个意思，论点明确，先把有利因素摆够。在另一段中可以再说不利因素，使论点更全面 旁征博引，为我所用 对别人的工作少加针对性（刺刀见红式）批评，但须指出异同，突出自己的贡献 论文书写 结论：结果要点及意义，浓缩表达 致谢：个人、单位、基金等 文献：严格按格式要求书写，前后一致 关键词：Index Medicus规范 署名：第一作者，通讯作者（CA），有所分工 Han Jisheng（Han J），（Jisheng H），Ji-Sheng Han（Han JS），HAN Ji-Sheng 计量单位：M=mol/L…应符合国际惯例 抓紧时间，分秒必争，早去早回 充分利用e-mail投稿，省时省钱 投稿后 应有收稿单，登记号（Ref# 1234），妥为保存 如无回音，超过一个月即可去问，或网上查 退修： 正确的意见：接受、修改，补实验（从中接受教益） 不太正确的：解释，不要轻易放弃 不正确的：说明理由，但做好退稿准备 肯定有不公平待遇问题，但要安下心来，找出可行对策 出版费：可申请免交 订复印本：可以不订
