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  • 长效防雾滴农膜的研制_化工专业论文范文

    化工专业论文范文 目 录 中文摘要I 英文摘要II 目录III 1 绪论1 1.1 长链α-烯烃聚合物的制备1 1.1.1 催化体系对长链α-烯烃聚合的影响2 1.1.2聚合条件对长链α-烯烃聚合物分子量的影响3 1.2 α-烯烃聚合物的接枝改性研究4 1.2.1聚α-烯烃膜表面改性方法4 1.2.2防雾滴膜的研究进展5 1.3 课题的提出及其研究意义6 2 实验部分10 2.1 实验方法10 2.1.1 主要试剂及来源10 2.1.2 主要试剂的精制10 2.1.3 实验方法11 2.1.4 聚合物表征方法12 3 结果与讨论14 3.1 1-辛烯,1-十四烯聚合物的合成及其性能研究14 3.1.1 共聚单体混合比的影响14 3.1.2 主催化剂的影响15 3.2 1-辛烯,1-十四烯聚合物溶液接枝马来酸酐16 3.2.1反应温度对接枝率和酸值的影响17 3.2.2 反应时间对接枝率和酸值的影响17 3.2.3 TBPB/MAH质量比对接枝率和酸值的影响18 3.2.4 MAH/Polymer质量比对接枝率和酸值的影响19 3.2.5 接触角变化动态示意图20 3.2.6接触角动态变化统计21 4 总结与展望25 致 谢26 参考文献27 摘要:本论文主要研究了聚长链α-烯烃的合成,长链α-烯烃共聚物溶液接枝马来酸酐,并探讨了聚合物合成规律以及用途。 研究了使用球形Ziegler-Natta负载型催化剂,三异丁基铝(TIBA)为助催化剂,二苯基二甲氧基硅烷(DDS)为外给电子体,通过本体聚合的方法,在60℃温度及磁力搅拌下共聚得到长链α-烯烃聚合物。考察了不同的聚合条件如聚合时间、催化剂类型及其用量、Zn/Ti摩尔比、聚合温度等对制备1-辛烯、1-十四烯共聚物的特性粘度、分子量的影响,用GPC和粘度的测定来表征共聚物结构和分子量, 酸碱滴定来表征接枝后聚合物的MAN含量,用水接触角实验表征防雾膜表面的亲水性及防雾的效果。 关键字:长链α-烯烃;马来酸酐;共聚;接枝 Abstract: In this research work, synthesis of the poly (long chain α-olefin), and the grafting copolymerization of homopoly(long chain α-olefin) and maleic anhydride by solution polymerization were studied. Study the use of spherical Ziegler-Natta-supported catalyst chemistry, triisobutylaluminum(TIBA) as catalyst, Dimethoxydiphenylsilane (DDS) as electron donors outside, by bulk polymerization method, in temperature of 60 and magnetic stirring coplymerisation long chain α-olefin polymer. See about the effects of the polymerization conditions, such as reaction time, the type and amount of catalyst, Zn / Ti mole ratio, polymerization temperature on the Preparation of 1-octene, 1-tetradecene copolymer of intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight. GPC and viscosity measured to characterize the structure and molecular weight of copolymer. Acid-base titration to characterize the grafted polymer MAN content, water contact angle to characterize the film surface hydrophilicity and antifogging effect. Keywords: Long chain α-olefin; Maleic anhydride; Copolymerization; Grafting copolymerization

  • 年产400吨亚氨基二苄甲酰氯的工艺设计_化工专业论文范文

    化工专业论文范文 目 录 中文摘要I 英文摘要II 目录III 1绪论1 1.1亚氨基二苄甲酰氯的简介1 1.2亚氨基二苄甲酰氯的生产状况2 1.3 亚氨基二苄甲酰氯的生产工艺路线3 1.3.1以光气为酰氯化试剂合成亚氨基二苄甲酰氯3 1.3.2以三光气为酰氯化试剂合成亚氨基二苄甲酰氯3 1.3.3两种方法的比较4 1.4生产工艺路线的选择5 1.5 设计内容5 2物料衡算6 2.1物料衡算的原理6 2.2物料衡算的基础7 2.2.1设计要求:7 2.2.2 生产周期的确定8 2.3物料衡算的过程8 2.3.1物料衡算计算依据8 2.3.2化学过程的物料衡算8 2.4物料衡算流程图10 2.5 酰化反应物料平衡表10 3热量衡算11 3.1热量衡算概述11 3.2热量衡算方程式及各部分热量具体计算11 3.3 酰化反应阶段热量计算12 3.3.1酰化升温反应阶段热量衡算12 3.3.2恒温反应阶段热量衡算13 3.4浓缩反应阶段热量衡算15 3.5 结晶阶段的热量衡算16 3.6热量衡算数据汇总16 4反应釜的设计17 4.1釜体的设计17 4.1.1材料的选择17 4.1.2基本结构形状17 4.1.3筒体的设计17 4.2反应釜搅拌装置22 4.2.1搅拌器的选择22 4.2.2搅拌轴直径的计算22 4.3传动装置设计23 4.3.1电动机的选用23 4.3.2减速机的选用23 4.3.3传动装置的机座23 4.4其他装置设计24 4.4.1轴封装置24 4.4.2法兰24 4.4.3设备支座24 4.5反应釜设计总表25 5其他装置选型26 5.1结晶釜的选型26 5.1.1容积的确定26 5.1.2结晶釜其它参数确定26 5.2离心机的选型27 5.3 其他设备装置的选型28 5.3.1甲苯计量槽的选型28 5.3.2 过滤机的选型28 5.3.3 浓缩釜的选型28 5.3.4 甲苯接受缸的选型28 5.3.5 石墨冷却器的选型28 5.4 装置设备一览表29 6尾气吸收30 6.1尾气吸收主要方程式30 6.2尾气吸收工艺流程30 6.3尾气破坏吸收设备30 6.3尾气吸收工艺流程图31 总结与展望31 1 物料衡算的结果32 2 热量衡算结果32 3 设备清单32 4 设备工艺图33 5 课题展望33 致 谢34 参考文献34 摘 要:亚氨基二苄甲酰氯是合成卡马西平的重要中间体,近年来需求量逐渐增加。目前常采用光气和三光气作为酰化剂合成该产物。我们遵行技术上先进,工艺上可靠,经济上合理,系统上最优的原则进行工艺方法选择,选取了光气作酰化剂合成该产物。根据该工艺流程进行了年产400吨亚氨基二苄甲酰氯的工艺设计: (1)以生产400吨亚氨基二苄甲酰氯为基准进行物料衡算。 (2)对整个工艺流程进行热量衡算。 (3)通过物料衡算对设备进行选型。 (4)通过热量衡算对传热面积进行校核。 (5)对废气提出处理方案。 关键词:亚氨基二苄甲酰氯;生产工艺;物料衡算;能量衡算;设计 Abstract: Iminodibenzyl carbonyl chloride is one of the most important Pharmaceutical-Intermediate of the Carbamazepine production and the requirement grow up huge and quickly. The Carbonic dichloride and the Trichloromethyl carbonate are two commonly used acylating reagent to product the Iminodibenzyl carbonyl chloride. We determined the better production way following the fundament of advanced technology, reliable process, rational economy and optimal system, and choose the Carbonic dichloride as the acylating reagent. Then, the design of annual output 400 ton Iminodibenzyl carbonyl chloride was carried on according to the definite technological process: (1)Complete the mass balance based on the produce of 400 ton I minodibenzyl carbonyl chloride. (2)Complete the energy balance about the whole technology. (3)Select the main equipments based on the mass balance. (4)Correct the heat-transfer area of equipments based on the energy balance. (5)Determine the proposal about how to deal with the waste gas. Keywords:Iminodibenzyl carbonyl chloride ; production technology ; mass balance ; energy balance ; design.

  • 耐溶剂型水性聚氨酯的合成及其性能研究_化工专业论文

    化工专业论文范文 中文摘要 英文摘要 目录III 1. 绪论1 2.实验部分3 2.1主要仪器、设备3 2.2主要原料、试剂4 2.3合成工艺5 2.4产品性能分析6 2.4.1 乳液黏度测定6 2.4.2 乳液表面张力测定6 2.4.3乳液稳定性测定6 2.4.4制膜7 2.4.5 膜耐水性能测定7 2.4.6 膜耐甲苯性能测定7 2.4.7 膜耐四氢呋喃性能测定7 2.4.8 膜耐洗性能测定8 3.结果与讨论9 3.1合成反应式示意图、原理9 3.2 有机硅用量对产品性能的影响11 3.2.1 n(NCO)/n(OH)的比值对乳液稳定性的影响11 3.2.2 有机硅用量对乳液表面张力的影响11 3.3 有机硅含量对膜耐溶剂性能的影响12 3.4 交联剂类型及用量对产品性能的影响13 3.5 自制产品与进口样品耐溶剂性能比较15 3.6 自制产品与进口样品耐洗性能比较19 4. 结论20 致谢21 参考文献22 摘要:本论文研究了以甲苯二异氰酸酯、聚醚二元醇、有机硅等为主要原料,通过预聚、扩链、改性、引入亲水基、中和、乳化等过程制备有机硅改性水性聚氨酯乳液。通过测定乳液的粘度、表面张力、稳定性,膜的耐水、甲苯、四氢呋喃等溶剂性能,及膜的耐洗性能,并与进口同类产品进行比较,得出交联剂 、有机硅的引入可明显提高膜的耐热性能、耐水性能、耐甲苯及四氢呋喃性能。进口同类产品的膜耐水性较好、耐甲苯性较差。 关键词:水性聚氨酯;有机硅;耐溶剂性能;合成;性能分析 Abstract: A polyurethane (PU) emulsion which was based on toluene diisocyanate (TDI), polyethepolyols, and organic silicon as the main raw material, through prepolyming, extending, modifying, introducing hydrophilic group, neutralizing, and emulsifying process, was prepared. By measuring the emulsion viscosity, surface tension, stability performance in solvent such as water, toluene, and tetrahydrofuran, wash-resistant performance of the membrane, and comparing with the similar imported products, we drew the conclusions that the introduction of silicone can significantly improve the membrane’s heat endurance, wash resistance, stability performance of toluene and tetrahydrofuran compared with similar imported products. Keywords: Waterborne polyurethane; Silicone; Properties; Synthesis; Performance analysis

  • 响应面法优化菜籽油甾醇提取_化工专业论文范文

    化工专业论文范文 目 录 中文摘要I 英文摘要II 目 录III 1.绪论1 1.1植物甾醇的来源1 1.2植物甾醇的结构1 1.3植物甾醇的性质1 1.4植物甾醇的提取分离1 1.4.1溶剂结晶法2 1.4.2超临界CO2萃取法3 1.4.3超声波法3 1.4.4分子蒸馏法3 1.4.5络合法4 1.4.6皂化法4 1.5植物甾醇的分析5 1.5.1毛地黄皂甙法6 1.5.2薄层色谱法(TLC)6 1.5.3可见光比色法(VS)6 1.5.4气相色谱法(GC)6 1.5.5高效液相色谱法7 1.6 植物甾醇的应用7 1.6.1 医药工业7 1.6.2食品工业7 1.6.3化妆品业8 1.6.4 化工、印刷等其它方面8 1.7 植物甾醇的发展前景8 2.实验部分9 2.1 实验原料、试剂与仪器9 2.2 实验步骤9 2.2.1 甾醇的提取9 2.2.2 甾醇的含量测定9 3.结果与讨论11 3.1 单因素考察及其分析11 3.1.1 液料比对甾醇产量的影响11 3.1.2 反应时间对甾醇产量的影响11 3.1.3 萃取剂用量对甾醇产量的影响12 3.1.4 反应温度对甾醇产量的影响13 3.1.5 萃取次数对甾醇产量的影响13 3.1.6 其它实验14 3.2 响应面法优化植物甾醇提取工艺-Box-Behnken法15 3.3 响应面法确立最佳工艺条件15 3.3.1 响应值结果及其拟合模型15 3.3.2 等高线图和响应面图分析18 3.3.3模型的验证22 4. 总结与展望23 致谢24 参考文献25 摘 要:为优化菜籽油植物甾醇的提取工艺,以10mL菜籽油的植物甾醇产量为指标,对液料比(V/V)、提取过程中反应时间、反应温度、萃取剂用量及萃取次数等因素进行了考察。利用响应面法对提取植物甾醇的工艺进行优化,在单因素实验的基础上,选取液料比,反应时间和萃取剂用量为随机因子,根据中心组合设计原理采用三因素三水平的响应面分析法,依据回归分析确定最优提取工艺条件。结果表明,植物甾醇提取的最佳工艺条件为:液料比为4.3:1,反应时间为40min,反应温度为93℃,用102mL的乙醚萃取,萃取1次。采用该工艺条件,10mL原油的甾醇产量可达到12.67mg。验证实验值为12.63mg,与理论值相对误差为0.32%。最后对溶剂的回收进行研究。 关键词:菜籽油;植物甾醇;响应面分析法;工艺优化 Abstract: The optimization experiment of the extraction of phytosterols from rapeseed crude oil was carried out and the optimal extraction condition was determined, and accordingly to be used in extracting of phytosterols. In the experiment extraction yield of phytosterol from 10mL rapeseed crude oil was taken as an index, the liquid-material ratio,the time of extraction, and the extractant volume., extraction temperature, and extraction times in the extraction process were studied.To optimize the extraction of phytosterols from Rapeseed crude oil using response surface methodology, basing on the single factor experiment, the response surface methodology with three factors at three levels is adopted according to the principle of central composite design. And the factors of optimum conditions for the extraction will be determined by regression analysis choosing the liquid-material ratio,the time of extraction, and the extractant volume. The result shows that the optimum conditions for the extraction are as follows: the liquid-material ratio is 4.3:1(V/V), the time of extraction is 40 min, the reaction temperature is 93℃,the extractant volume is 102mL,and the extraction times is once.Under the optimum conditons,the extraction yield of phytosterols from 10mL rapeseed crude oil is 12.67mg while the experimental data is 12.63 mg with relative error 0.23% compared with theoretical value.At last we studied the recycle of solvent. Keywords:Rapeseed crude oil;Phytosterols;Response surface methodology; Optimization

  • 用半连续反应器和RAFT技术合成可控梯度聚合物_化工专业论文

    化工专业论文范文 目 录 中文摘要I 英文摘要II 目录III 1 绪论1 1.1 研究背景、目的、意义及主要内容1 1.2 文献综述2 1.2.1 可控/活性自由基共聚合反应2 1.2.2 半连续反应器技术及应用6 2 实验部分8 2.1 原料来源及精制8 2.1.1 原料规格8 2.1.2 原料精制8 2.2 苄基二硫代异丁酸酯(BDIB)的制备8 2.3 聚合过程操作9 2.3.1 间歇聚合操作9 2.3.2 半连续聚合操作9 2.4 聚合实验配方10 2.5 分析与表征10 2.5.1 聚合转化率10 2.5.2 聚合物的分子量及其分布10 2.5.3 共聚物组成11 3 结果和讨论12 3.1 BDIB的结构表征12 3.2 BDIB调控下苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯共聚动力学12 3.3 St/BA梯度共聚物的合成14 3.3.1 Fnl=0.5且组成均一的St/BA共聚物的合成15 3.3.2 Fnl=0.5的St/BA线性梯度共聚物的合成16 3.3.3 Fnl=0.5的St/BA双曲正切梯度共聚物的合成17 3.3.4 BA-b-(BA-gradient-St)-b-St的合成18 4 总结与展望20 4.1 总结20 4.2 展望20 致谢21 参考文献22 附录24 摘要:梯度共聚物是瞬时共聚组成从分子主链的一端到另一端连续变化的一类新型共聚物。为了实现瞬时组成沿分子主链连续变化,所有链必须同时引发,并在聚合过程中一直保持活性。可控/活性自由基聚合为梯度共聚物的制备提供了一种可能。但是,在间歇操作过程中,共聚单体进行可控/活性自由基聚合时,由于不同单体的竞聚率不同,导致“组成漂移”,因此得到的是自发梯度共聚物。对于给定的共聚单体,其组成梯度仅仅取决于共聚单体的竞聚率,因而结构是无法控制的。 本文利用半连续进料法和可逆加成-断裂连转移聚合(reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer,RAFT),设计合成了一系列具有精确可控组成曲线(组成均一,线性梯度,双曲正切梯度和三嵌段(中间段为线性梯度))的St/BA共聚物,选用的RAFT试剂为苄基二硫代异丁酸酯(benzyl dithioisobutyrate,BDIB)。共聚单体的进料速率根据目标共聚物的组成-链长曲线通过动力学模型计算得到。所得共聚物的组成分布、分子量及分子量分布均与模型预测一致。而且聚合物的分子量分布较窄,分子量分布指数约为1.3。 关键词: 半连续反应器;RAFT聚合;梯度共聚物;共聚组成 Abstract: Gradient copolymers are copolymers in which the instantaneous composition varies continuously along the chain contour, that is, gradient copolymers have a continuous change in composition from one end of the chain to the other. In order to achieve this continuous change in instantaneous composition, all chains must be initiated simultaneously, and must survive until the end of the polymerization. The recent emergence of techniques for implementing living radical polymerization has provided a new set of tools for polymer chemists that allow preparing the gradient copolymers. However, controlled/living radical copolymerization (CLRcoP) operated in batch experiences composition drifting and thus produces spontaneous gradient copolymer. The composition profile along chain length of individual chains is solely determined by the reactivities of comonomers and the as-synthesized product is uncontrolled. In this work, a novel series of styrene/butyl acrylate (St/BA) copolymers with precisely designed composition profiles (uniform, linear gradient, tanh gradient, and tri-block with a linear gradient mid-block) were produced using a semi-batch reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization mediated by benzyl dithioisobutyrate (BDIB). The comonomer feeding rate was programmed based on a kinetic model with the targeted composition profile as an objective functions. The experimental composition and molecular weight profiles agreed very well with the model predictions. The polymer molecular weight distributions were narrow with polydispersity index values about 1.3. Key words: Semi-batch reactor system; RAFT polymerization; Gradient copolymer; Copolymer composition

  • 油酸聚乙二醇加脂剂的制备工艺研究_化工专业论文范文

    化工专业论文范文 目录 中文摘要 英文摘要 1 绪论1 1.1 加脂剂概述1 1.2 加脂剂的分类2 1.2.1 阴离子型加脂剂2 1.2.2 阳离子型加脂剂3 1.2.3 两性型加脂剂3 1.2.4 非离子型加脂剂3 1.3 研究的目的与意义4 2 实验部分6 2.1 实验原料及仪器6 2.1.1 实验原料6 2.1.2 实验仪器6 2.2 实验原理7 2.2.1 实验原理7 2.2.2 酸值的测定8 2.2.3 转化率的计算8 2.3 实验步骤9 2.3.1 反应温度对酯反应的影响9 2.3.2 反应时间对酯化反应的影响9 2.3.3 催化剂对酯化反应的影响9 2.4 产品性能分检析测试9 3 结果与讨论11 3.1 反应温度度对转化率的影响,11 3.2 反应时间对转化率的影响12 3.3 催化剂13 3.4 产品的应用性能14 3.4.1 外观状态14 3.4.2 加脂剂的乳化性14 3.4.3 加脂剂乳液稳定性15 4 总结与展望16 4.1 总结16 4.2 展望16 致谢17 参考文献18 摘 要::以油酸和乙二醇及马来酸酐为主要原料,合成了一种性能优良的加脂剂,讨论了温度、反应时间、催化剂等影响因素.通过测定转化率,得到最佳反应条件。同时对产品进行一些性能的测试,检测该工艺的可行性。 关键词:油酸 乙二醇 加脂剂 浓硫酸 Abstract: An excellent fatlquor is synthesized with oleic acid,glycol and maleic anhydride.The influencing factors of each process are studied and the optimal reacting conditions are gained,and the application of the fatliquor is carried out.At the same time, some properties of the product testing, testing the feasibility of the process. Keywords:Oleic acid; Glycol; Fatliquor; Concentrated sulphuric acid

  • 污泥制取活性炭_化工专业论文范文

    化工专业论文范文 目 录 中文摘要I 英文摘要II 目录 1 绪论1 1.1 污泥的分类及性质1 1.1.1 污泥的分类1 1.1.2 污泥的性质2 1.2 污泥的处理3 1.2.1 污泥的处置3 1.2.2 污泥处理的一般技术3 1.3 污泥的再利用4 1.3.1 土地利用4 1.3.2 热能利用4 1.3.3 制备蛋白质泡沫灭火剂4 1.3.4 制取活性炭4 1.4 污泥制取活性炭国内外研究现状5 1.5 污泥活性炭的国内外应用现状6 1.5.1 在废水处理中的应用6 1.5.2 在废气治理中的应用7 1.5.3 其他7 2 实验部分8 2.1 实验原料8 2.2 实验仪器8 2.3 试验药品8 2.4 制备原理9 2.5 制备工艺9 2.6 产品性能测定10 2.6.1 0.1mol/L硫代硫酸钠标准溶液的配制及标定11 2.6.2 淀粉指示液11 2.6.3 0.1mol/L碘标准溶液配制及标定11 2.6.4 操作步骤12 2.6.5 结果计算12 3 结果与讨论14 3.1 实验结果与数据分析14 3.1.1 硫代硫酸钠标准溶液的标定:14 3.1.2 碘标准溶液的标定:14 3.1.3 实验数据结果及分析14 3.1.4 产品性能测定15 3.2 实验结果讨论16 4 总结与展望18 致 谢19 参考文献20 摘要:污泥是污水处理系统产生的副产物。随着城镇化过程的加快,生活给水量和城市污水的产生量会越来越大,随之而来的污水厂污泥也将越来越多。而处置污泥最好的方式就是将污泥作为一种资源进行再利用。 目前污泥再利用的方法有:土地利用,热能利用,制备蛋白质泡沫灭火剂,制取活性炭。本实验就利用生活污泥制取活性炭进行实验研究。污泥活性炭的应用面很广,可用于处理废水,治理废气,土壤改良,作园艺用土壤、脱水助剂和脱臭剂等。 本实验选用生活污泥为原料,以ZnCl2为活化剂,将固液比、活化剂浓度、活化温度、活化时间4个影响因素作为变量,欲通过正交实验确定生活污泥制取活性炭的最佳工艺条件。并且根据活性炭检测方法—碘吸附值的测定(GB/T 12496. 8一1999)对产品性能进行检测。虽然实验最后失败了,但仔细深入地分析了失败原因,对以后实验的可行性有指导作用。 关键词:污泥;活性炭;热解;活化;碘吸附值 Abstract:Sewage sludge is a by-product of the wastewater-treatment system.With the acceleration of urbanization, the sewage water will be produced more and more, followed by sewage sludge will be more and more.And the best way to dispose of sludge is using it as a resource for reuse. The current method of sludge re-use are land use,energy use,the preparation of protein foam extinguishing agent,the preparation of activated carbon.The application of activated carbon form sludge is very wide,such as wastewater treatment,emission control,soil improvement,soil for gardening,dehydration agent and sweetening agent. In this experiment,activated carbon was prepared from the sewage sludge by chemical activation,activation reagent is ZnCl2.We want to know the optimum condition by changeing the solid-liquid ratio,the concentration of activator,the activation temperature,activation time as four variables influencing factors.And we determined product performance by detection method based on activated carbon - Determination of iodine adsorption value (GB/T 12496.8-1999).Although the experiment failed,the carefully-depth analysis of the cause can give some guidance to others. Keywords: sludge;activate carbon;pyrolysis;activate;Determination of iodine adsorption value

  • 从杨梅叶中提取黄酮的研究_化工专业论文范文

    化工专业论文范文 目 录 中文摘要I 英文摘要II 目录III 1 绪论1 1.1 前言1 1.2 文献综述1 1.2.1 黄酮类化合物的结构1 1.2.2 杨梅叶中化学成分的研究2 1.2.3 黄酮提取方法的研究3 1.2.4 黄酮类化合物纯化方法的研究4 2 实验部分6 2.1 材料与仪器6 2.1.1 材料与试剂6 2.1.2 仪器6 2.2 实验方法6 2.2.1 杨梅叶中总黄酮的提取6 2.2.2 从杨梅叶中提取总黄酮工艺的优化6 2.2.3 标准溶液的配制和标准曲线的制定8 2.2.4 杨梅叶中提取物的纯化9 2.2.5 杨梅叶总黄酮含量测定10 3 实验结果与分析11 3.1 单因素实验11 3.1.1 乙醇浓度对提取率的影响11 3.1.2 料液比对提取率的影响11 3.1.3 提取时间对提取率的影响12 3.1.4 提取温度对黄酮提取率的影响13 3.2 正交试验13 3.3 杨梅叶中提取物的纯化15 4 结论16 5 总结与展望17 致谢18 参考文献19 摘要:以粉碎的杨梅叶为材料,对总类黄酮提取条件和纯化方法进行研究。采用有机溶剂浸提法,分别从乙醇浓度,料液比,提取时间,提取温度等4个因素进行单因素实验,并通过正交设计对杨梅叶黄酮提取条件进行了优化,确定了杨梅叶的最佳提取条件为50%乙醇,提取温度为60℃,乙醇与杨梅叶20∶1,提取时间24h,提取率可达7.532%,显著高于次佳工艺。并通过柱层析对萃取物进一步纯化,得到纯度为92. 32%的总类黄酮提取液浸膏。因此,该提取与纯化方法对杨梅叶总类黄酮工业化生产具有一定的应用价值。 关键词:杨梅叶;黄酮类化合物;提取 Abstract: The conditions for extracting and the method for purifying flavonoids from myrica rubra leaves were studied in this article. And the main factors which effect the distill rate were also discussed. The results from L9(34)table shows that the extracting temperature was 60℃, the ratio of 50% ethanol to myrica rubra leaves was 20∶1, the time was 24 h. And the extractive ratio could be up to 7.532%, which was significantly higher than that under the Hypo - op timal conditions. And the extracts were further purified by silica gel column chromatography, the purity of the total flavonoids could be up to 92.32%. So the conditions above have some app lication value in industrial p rocessing of extracting total flavonoids from myrica rubra leaves. Keywords: myrica rubra leaf; flavonoids compound; extraction

  • 水热合成法丙烷选择氧化催化剂的研究_化工专业论文范文

    化工专业论文范文 目 录 中文摘要I 英文摘要II 目 录III 1. 绪 论1 1.1 烃类晶格氧选择氧化1 1.2 丙烷选择催化氧化催化剂1 1.2.1 钒磷氧催化剂2 1.2.2 杂多酸类催化剂3 1.2.3 复合金属氧化物催化剂3 1.2.4 MMO催化剂的反应步骤3 1.3 助剂的添加对催化剂结构和性能的影响4 1.4 实验设计思路4 2. 实验部分7 2.1 实验试剂及仪器7 2.1.1 实验试剂7 2.1.2 实验仪器7 2.2 催化剂的制备7 2.3 催化剂的干燥及活化焙烧8 2.3.1 干燥8 2.3.2 活化焙烧8 2.4 催化剂反应性能评价及计算10 2.4.1 催化剂性能评价装置及流程10 2.4.2 催化剂性能评价计算11 2.5 催化剂的物性表征11 2.5.1 催化剂的XRD表征11 2.5.2 催化剂的BET表征11 3. 结果与讨论12 3.1 催化剂的性能评价12 3.1.1 反应温度对丙烷转化率的影响12 3.1.2 干燥方法对丙烯醛和丙烯酸选择性的影响13 3.1.3 水合温度对丙烯醛和丙烯酸选择性的影响14 3.1.4 助剂Ce含量对丙烷转化率、丙烯醛和丙烯酸选择性的影响14 3.2 催化剂的晶相分析18 3.3 催化剂的比表面积19 4.总结与展望20 4.1 总结20 4.2 展望20 致 谢21 参考文献22 附 录123 摘要: 本文着重介绍Mo-V-Te基催化剂,比较了不同方法制备的催化剂的性能。在实验温度范围内,水热合成温度对催化剂的影响较小。而反应温度对催化剂的影响很明显,450℃时催化效果最好。采用微波干燥和常规干燥法法对丙烷的转化率都有影响,但区别不大。采用常规干燥法的催化剂能获得高选择性的丙烯醛,微波干燥法则对丙烯酸的选择性影响较大,并抑制了副产物COX的生成。随着Ce含量的增加,丙烷的转化率和丙烯酸的选择性有明显的提高,但丙烯醛的选择性却随之降低。采用BET和XRD的方法对催化剂的比表面积和晶相结构进行了表征。在所合成的催化剂中,比表面积普遍很低。催化剂的晶相结构以MoO3为主,但当在催化剂中添加Ce后,催化剂在微波中进行干燥,这时催化剂中出现了新的晶相。 关键词:水热合成法;Mo-V-Te催化剂;助剂Ce;丙烷;丙烯酸 Abstract: This paper introduces Mo-V-Te based catalysts, and the performancet of catalyst prepared by different methods. Hydrothermal synthesis temperature of the catalyst less affected among the experimental temperature range. The reaction temperature of the catalyst is obvious that 450 ℃ catalytic effect is the best. Microwave drying and conventional drying of the propane conversion rate will be affected, but not very different. Conventional drying can be a catalyst for the high selectivity of acrolein, Microwave drying acrylic rules of the greater selectivity and inhibition of COX-product formation. With auxiliary Ce content increasing, propane conversion and the selectivity of acrylic significantly improved, However, the selectivity of acrolein has decreased. Surface area and crystalline structure of the catalyst were characterized by methods of BET and XRD. In the synthesis catalyst, the specific surface area generally low. Catalyst crystalline structure to MoO3 mainly, but the addition of Ce catalyst, Catalyst conducted in the microwave drying, the catalyst this time the emergence of a new phase. Keywords: Hydrothermal synthesis ;Mo-V-Te catalyst ;Auxiliary Ce ;Propane ;Acrylic

  • 长链烯烃羰基合成的热力学网络计算_化工专业论文范文

    化工专业论文范文 目录 前言1 1 文献综述3 1.1 羰基合成3 1.1.1 羰基合成的发展历程3 1.1.2 羰基合成的类型3 1.1.3 羰基合成的反应机理4 1.2 羰基合成的催化剂体系5 1.2.1 钴系催化剂5 1.2.2 铑系催化剂6 1.2.3 其他催化剂11 1.3 羰基合成技术在工业上的应用12 1.3.1 碳四烯烃羰基化合成精细化学品12 1.3.2 C5~17烯烃羰基合成的应用13 1.4 热力学14 1.4.1 化学热力学14 1.4.2 热力学的应用15 1.5 本论文的研究内容和目的16 2 羰基合成的热力学网络计算17 2.1 反应方程式17 2.2 热力学数据的估算20 2.2.1 298K条件下生成焓和熵值的估算21 2.2.2 298K条件下液态组分生成焓的估算21 2.2.3 298K条件下液态组分熵值的估算24 2.2.4 液态有机组分热容的估算24 2.3 反应体系的热力学计算27 2.3.1 常压下的热力学数据计算27 2.3.2 不同压力下的热力学数据计算33 3结果讨论与分析34 3.1 烯烃的羰基合成反应34 3.2 烯烃羰基合成的副反应35 3.3 反应选用的催化剂35 4结论36 参考文献38 谢 辞42 摘 要 羰基合成又称氢甲酰化,是烯烃与一氧化碳和氢气在催化剂的作用下,在烯烃双键上同时加上氢原子和甲酰基生成比原来多一个碳原子的醛、醇和酯等物质的过程。由于羰基合成具有合成路线短、工艺简单、原料利用率高等技术优点,其在现代化学工业中得到了广泛的研究和开发,现已成功应用于生产增塑剂和洗涤剂等方面。热力学是解决实际问题中的一种非常有效的重要工具,在生产实践中已经和正在发挥着巨大的作用。在设计新的反应路线或试制新的化学产品时,通过热力学能够很容易判定反应变化的方向和限度。 本文采用基团估算法估算了长链烯烃羰基合成反应体系中一系列参与反应的物质在298K标准状态的生成焓、标准熵、沸点和蒸发焓等数据,并且估算了这些物质的的液态热容随温度变化的关系式,计算了不同温度条件下反应的生成焓和吉布斯自由能变。通过对这些反应体系的热力学计算和分析,验证了这些反应在热力学上的可行性以及反应压强对该类型反应影响不大。提出PETPP/Rh配合物作催化剂对反应有很好的效果。文献报导反应通常在高压下进行,而论文在常压下计算,结果有一定偏差。 关键词:长链烯烃;羰基合成;基团估算法;热力学计算。 Abstract OXO, also called hydroformylation, is a process using alkenes with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the effect of catalyst to gain aldehyde, alcohol and ester substances, which are more one carbon atom than raw materials. Since several advantages exist in the process of the synthesis, such as the route is short, the craft is simple, the raw material utilization ratio is high and so on, extensively study and development are obtained in modern industry and it has been successfully used in producing plasticizer, detergent and on other aspects.It is thermodynamic that is an effective important tool in solving practice problems, especially at produce practice; it has been taking an significant role. It is relatively easy to conclude the direction and limitation of the action when design new action routes or try new chemistry products. Using the mthod of group estimation, we estimate the data which is involved in the system of the reactant on the standard state, such as the formation enthalpy, standard entropy, boiling point and evaporation entropy at the temperature of 298K, and estimate the relationship between the liquid heat capacity and the temperature, and calculate the formation enthalpy of the action and the change of the Gibbs free energy at different temperatures.With thermodynamic calculation and analysis of reaction system, it is feasible on thermodynamic for these reactions and the pressure of the reactions have little effect on these actions and good result can be gained when using PETPP/Rh complexes as the catalyst.The reactions that had been reported are commonly testing at high pressure while the data of this paper is calculated at normal pressure, which results in deviation in the experiment. Key words: long chain alkenes; OXO; group estimation; thermodynamic calculation.

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