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II Educationand growth
人力资本的作用
A higher ratioof human to physical capital tends to generate higher growth through at leasttwo channels.
First, morehuman capital facilitates the absorption of superior technologies from leadingcountries. This channel is likely to be especially important for schooling atthe secondary and higher levels.
Second, humancapital tends to be more difficult to adjust than physical capital. Therefore,a country that starts with a high ratio of human to physical capital tends togrow rapidly by adjusting upward the quantity of physical capital.
人力资本的测度
(1) quantityof education at the start of each period of the years of school attainment of apopulation group aged 25 and older.
(2) quality ofschooling. The quality of schooling is more important than the quantity. ErikHanushek and Dennis Kimko (2000) find that scores on international examinations(indicators of the quality of schooling capital) matter more than years ofattainment for subsequent economic growth.
Information onstudent test scores in science, mathematics, and reading is available for 43 ofthe countries in my sample.
(3) Totalyears of schooling of the adult population (a proxy for education of parents).
(4) pupil-teacherratios
(5) schooldropout rates