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这个帖子系列，专门用于存放各个流派的制度经济学家的个人主页，我将陆续贴出。一般每个主页下面都附有链接，通过该链接可以进一步了解、下载该学者的论文和课程提纲。请有资源的网友一起奉献，谢谢。

说明：如果不是主页内容，请勿跟贴，否则删。——9月29日再次更新

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-4-9 23:14:25编辑过]

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Yoram Barzel Professor Areas of Interest: Property Rights, Applied Price Theory, Political Economy Email: yoramb@u.washington.edu Office: Savery 415J Phone: 543-2510 Office Hours: Wed. 5 - 6 pm Curriculum Vitae Professor Barzel received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1961. He specializes in price theory and economic organization. Courses TaughtEcon 300 - Intermediate Microeconomics | Winter 2001 | Econ 403 - The Economics of Property Rights | Autumn 2004 | Autumn 2003 | Econ 406 - Undergraduate Seminar in Economics | Autumn 2002 | Econ 520 - The Economics of Property Rights | Winter 2004 | Winter 2002 | Econ 523 - Emergence of the State | Spring 2004 | Spring 2002 | BooksA Theory of the State: Economic Rights, Legal Rights, and the Scope of the State, Yoram Barzel. Cambridge University Press Working Papers" Transaction Costs and Contract Choice ," Barzel, Yoram. " A Theory of Organizations ," Barzel, Yoram. (PDF) = PDF File which requires Adobe Acrobat Reader Published Papers" The Demands for Giffen Goods are Downward Sloping ," Barzel, Yoram and Wing Suen. " Confiscation by the Ruler: The Rise and Fall of Jewish Lending in the Middle Ages ," Barzel, Yoram. " The Nature of Social Cost as a Key to the Problem of the Firm ," Barzel, Yoram with Levis Kochin. 来源http://www.econ.washington.edu/people/detail.asp?uid=yoramb

加里－贝克尔

Gary S. Becker University Professor Department of Economics and Sociology Professor Graduate School of Business The University of Chicago My last BusinessWeek Articles: Let's Make Gasoline Prices Even Higher May 31, 2004 The wise way to stem illegal immigration April 26, 2004 Full Text in PDF Full Text in PDF Recent Books:Social Economics with Kevin M. Murphy The Economics of Life with Guity Nashat Senior Fellow Hoover Institution Stanford UniversityResearch Associatte Economics Research Center National Opinion Research Center

来源http://home.uchicago.edu/~gbecker/

福格尔 芝加哥教授

Robert W. Fogel [Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, 1963]. Nobel Prize for Economic Science, 1993. Charles R. Walgreen Distinguished Service Professor of American Institutions; Director, The Center for Population Economics [at Chicago since 1981]. Recent Research: Long term factors in American economic growth with special emphasis on the use of intergenerational data sets in order to establish the relationship between the past and current behavior of households; the economics of mortality in North America; long-term changes in nutrition, labor welfare, and labor productivity. 福格尔教授1926年出生于美国纽约，1948年获康奈尔大学学士学位，1960年学哥伦比亚大获硕士学位，1963年获约翰.霍普金斯大学博士学位。曾任教于美国罗彻斯特大学、剑桥大学和哈佛大学。1981年至今任教于美国芝加哥大学，担任华尔格林美国机构杰出服务经济学教授、人口经济研究中心主任、经济系教员和社会思想委员会成员。

福格尔教授的研究领域是：北美死亡率的经济解释，营养、劳动福利、劳动生产力的长期变化，对美国经济增长进行长期观察，对两代人不同的家庭行为数据的分析。通过运用经济学理论及数量的方法来解释经济发展和制度变迁，从而刷新了经济史的研究，因此获得1993年诺贝尔经济学奖。

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-6-24 9:16:05编辑过]

这个大家都知道的，科斯先生，让我找了半天，在芝加哥法学院，痛上面几个不是一个单位，呵呵Ronald H. Coase Clifton R. Musser Professor Emeritus of Economics

University of Chicago Law School 1111 East 60th Street Chicago, IL 60637 USA Phone: 773-702-7342 E-mail: No email Curriculum Vitae Publications, Works-in-Progress, and Lectures Courses and Seminars Additional Activities

After holding positions at the Dundee School of Economics and the University of Liverpool, R. H. Coase joined the faculty of the London School of Economics in 1935. He continued at the London School of Economics and was appointed Reader in Economics with special reference to public utilities in 1947.

. Mr. Coase has held both a Sir Ernest Cassel Travelling Scholarship and a Rockefeller Fellowship. He has also been a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California. During World War II, he served as a statistician with the Central Statistical Office of the Offices of the British War Cabinet.

In 1951 Mr. Coase migrated to the United States and held positions at the Universities of Buffalo and Virginia prior to coming to the Law School in 1964. He has taught regulated industries and economic analysis and public policy. Mr. Coase was the editor of the Journal of Law & Economics from 1964 to 1982. Among his many publications are The Firm, the Market and the Law (1988) and Essays on Economics and Economists (1994). In 1977 Mr. Coase was a Senior Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University. Mr. Coase is a Fellow of the British Academy, the European Academy, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is a member of the Honour Committee of Euroscience. He holds honorary doctorate degrees from the University of Cologne, Yale University, Washington University, the University of Dundee, the University of Buckingham, Beloit College, and the University of Paris. In 1991, Mr. Coase was awarded the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

Born: 1910. Education: B. Com., 1932, D. Sc. (Econ.), 1951, University of London.

来源http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/coase/

本版已经做了他的专辑，就不再补充了。

波斯纳——芝加哥法学院教授，法经济学大家

Richard A. Posner Senior Lecturer in Law

University of Chicago Law School 1111 East 60th Street Chicago, IL 60637 USA Phone: 773-702-9608 E-mail: lpalamk@law.uchicago.edu Web Page: http://home.uchicago.edu/~rposner/ Curriculum Vitae Publications, Presentations and Works in Progress Courses and Seminars Additional Activities

Following his graduation from Harvard Law School, Judge Posner clerked for Justice William J. Brennan Jr. From 1963-65, he was assistant to Commissioner Philip Elman of the Federal Trade Commission. For the next two years he was assistant to the solicitor general of the United States. Prior to going to Stanford Law School in 1968 as associate professor, Judge Posner served as general counsel of the President's Task Force on Communications Policy. He first came to the Law School in 1969, and was Lee and Brena Freeman Professor of Law prior to his appointment in 1981 as a judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. He was the chief judge of the court from 1993 to 2000.

Judge Posner has written a number of books, including Economic Analysis of Law (5th ed., 1998), The Economics of Justice (1981), Law and Literature (2d ed. 1997), The Problems of Jurisprudence (1990), Cardoz A Study in Reputation (1990), The Essential Holmes (1992), Sex and Reason (1992), Overcoming Law (1995), The Federal Courts: Challenge and Reform (1996), Law and Legal Theory in England and America (1996), The Problematics of Moral and Legal Theory (1999), and Antitrust Law (2d ed. 2001) as well as many articles in legal and economic journals. He has taught administrative law, antitrust, economic analysis of law, history of legal thought, conflict of laws, regulated industries, law and literature, the legislative process, family law, primitive law, torts, civil procedure, evidence, health law and economics, and jurisprudence.

Born: 1939. Education:-A.B., 1959, Yale University; LL.B., 1962, Harvard University; LL.D. (Hon.), 1986, Syracuse University; LL.D. (Hon.), 1987, Duquesne University; LL.D. (Hon.), 1993, Georgetown University; Dr. Honoris Causa, 1995, University of Ghent; LL.D. (Hon.), 1996, Yale University; LL.D. (Hon.), 1997, University of Pennsylvania; J.D. (Hon.), 2000, Brooklyn Law School; LL.D (Hon.), 2001, Northwestern University.

来源http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/posner-r/

福格尔是进入芝大“社会思想委员会”的唯一一名经济学家，大约可以推测福格尔的知识是最渊博的，思想是最深邃的。去年诺贝尔文学奖得主库切也在这个委员会里面。

奈特，据周其仁说应该属于老制度经济学派。他门下三个弟子获得了诺奖！包括弗里德曼、贝克尔和斯蒂格勒。Frank H. Knight, 1885-1972.

The "Grand Old Man" of Chicago, Frank H. Knight was one of the century's most eclectic economists and perhaps the deepest thinker and scholar American economics has produced. Jointly with Jacob Viner, Knight presided over the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago from the 1920s to the late 1940s, and played a central role in setting the character of that department that was perhaps only comparable to Schumpeter's tenure over Harvard or Robbins's at the L.S.E.

His famous dissertation Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (1921) remains one of the most interesting reads in economics even today. In it, Knight made his famous distinction between "risk" (randomness with knowable probabilities) and "uncertainty" (randomness with unkowable probabilities), set forth the role of the entrepreneur in a distinctive theory of profit and gave one of the earliest presentations of the the now-famous law of variable proportions in the theory of production.

While irreducibly Neoclassical in a general sense, Knight's peculiar economics were a direct inheritance of his Cornell professor, Herbert J. Davenport and what was then called the "American Psychological School" which sought to ground the Marginalist high theory of Jevons, Wicksteed and the Austrians in the relativist foundations of Thorstein Veblen's methodology.

Like Davenport, the notoriously belligerent Knight criticized other schools on several accounts while also adopting some of their ideas: for instance, from the Walrasians he adopted the idea of theoretical rigor and viewing the economy in terms of multiple markets, but disparaged their mathematical propensities; from the Austrians he adopted their theory of alternative cost, but attacked their theory of capital; from the Marshallians he adopted their literary tone, but attacked their lack of rigor and their "real" theory of cost; from the Ricardians, he adopted a concern with the interaction between social structure and theory but attacked the objectivist basis of their theory; from the Marxians, he adopted many of their ideas about the ethical critique of capitalism as well as its tendency towards the concentration of capital, but he abhorred the labor theory of value; from the Institutionalists, he adopted their concern with social impact on behavior and evolution, but he opposed their empirical techniques and conclusions ("history is to be sensed, not plotted", as Knight put it).

The famously opinionated Knight used his numerous book reviews in Chicago's Journal of Political Economy as a vehicle for his thoughts on many subjects. As a result, he was embroiled in many debates with the most prominent economists of his day ranging over capital theory (versus Hayek, Mises and the Austrians, e.g. 1933, 1935, 1937), welfare theory (versus Pigou, e.g. 1924), Keynesian theory (1937) and positivist methodology (versus Hutchison (1940)).

Thus, Knight amalgamated much of what was contained all over the spectrum of economic theory - but without once losing the skeptic's dissecting eye. Perhaps because he was endowed with enough of the demeanour and knowledge of a philosopher, sociologist and historian as well as an economist, he was able to appear as a kindred spirit to all schools as well as an opponent at the same time.

As noted, Knight was one of the leaders of the inter-war "Chicago School" (although we must keep in mind that during his stay there, the Chicago School had a much different tone than it acquired later). Yet, even then, he managed to remain an outsider in his own kingdom. Knight's well-known dislike of quantitative methods and especially empirical techniques brought him into conflict with several colleagues - notably, Henry Schultz, Paul Douglas and Oskar Lange. His opposition to the Marshallian propensities of his co-giant, Jacob Viner, earned him the latter's respect but not necessarily his friendship. Even Knight's own unlikely proteg?Henry Simons, differed substantially from Knight on most matters.

Like Schumpeter (whom he both admired and resembled in many ways), Knight was an avid proponent of a cosmopolitan laissez-faire -- but he did so on unique, "non-consequentialist" grounds. As is evident in his famous "Ethics of Competition" (1923) and in other works on ethics throughout his life, Knight does not regard the capitalist system as ethically defensible. Capitalism, he claims, does not produce what people want but merely creates the wants for what it produces - "the freest individual...is in large measure a product of the economic environment that has formed his desires and needs, given him whatever marketable productive capacities he has, and which largely controls his opportunities." (Knight, 1923). Furthermore, he argued that there was a tendency in market systems towards monopoly, that the "efficiency" of markets was misleading for there was no sense of "usefulness" of its output to society, that the marginal productivity thesis had erroneous ethical implications as "the income does not go to "factors" but to their owners...and ownership of personal or material productive capacity is based upon a complex mixture of inheritance, luck and effort, probably in that order of relative importance" (Knight, 1923).

Knight's peculiar ethical assault on the market system and "apologetic economics" did not diminish his penchant for laissez-faire as a policy conclusion. The economy, he argued, is a very complex and unstable thing. Programs of government intervention are too simplistic and do not take into account the complexities of a market economy - thus making interventionism even more dangerous. Laissez-faire is recommended, he argued, not because it "works" (for it patently does not) but rather because it holds individual freedom as a absolute good and the alternative may be much worse.

As a result, Knight's position is quite the reverse of the Second Chicago School economists of the 1960s, (i.e. Friedman, Stigler and company). The Second Chicago School tended to argue the positivist line that laissez-faire is desirable because it delivers the goods, and not because it is a good in itself. Indeed, throughout his life, Knight explicitly deplored and attacked many of the assumptions that the Second Chicago School held dear: e.g. the denial of the importance of monopolistic competition, the assumption of consumer sovereignty, stable preferences, efficient outcomes of markets, empirical-intuitive reasoning, interdisciplinary imperialism, etc.

All these items are precisely and directly opposed to virtually every important argument and position of Knight's. Indeed, the later Chicago School's declared "positivist" methodology was wryly characterized by Knight as "the emotional pronouncement of value judgements condemning emotion and value judgements which seems to [me] a symptom of a defective sense of humor" (Knight, 1940). However, we must grant that Knight's theories of capital (Knight viewed all factors as capital to a greater or lesser degree) and his "public choice" view of political behavior could be said to have persisted in at least some quarters of the modern Chicago School.

In this sense, then, Knight, like Schumpeter, carved a unique path in economics -- being claimed by many schools of thought as one of their own, without really belonging to any. Unfortunately, also like Schumpeter, although he educated and influenced many students, Knight failed to acquire any followers and failed to build up a distinctive "school of thought" around himself. We can see some traces of his persective in the work of Kenneth E. Boulding, Martin Bronfenbrenner, James M. Buchanan and George J. Stigler, but they can hardly be called "Knightians" in any meaningful sense.

Major Works of Frank H. Knight "The Concept of Normal Price in Value and Distribution", 1917, QJE. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, 1921. "Cost of Production and Price Over Long and Short Periods", 1921, JPE. "Cassel's Theoretische Sozial鰇onomie", 1921, JPE. "Ethics and the Economic Interpretation", 1922, QJE. "The Ethics of Competition", 1923, QJE. "Some Fallacies in the Interpretation of Social Cost", 1924, QJE. "The Limitations of Scientific Method in Economics", 1924, in Tugwell, editor, Trend of Economics. "A Note on Professor Clark's Illustration of Marginal Productivity", 1925, JPE. "Economic Psychology and the Value Problem", 1925, QJE. "Economics at its Best: Review of Pigou", 1926, AER. "Historical and Theoretical Issues in the Problem of Modern Capitalism", 1928, Journal of Econ & Business History. "A Suggestion for Simplifying the Statement of the General Theory of Price", 1928, JPE. "Freedom as Fact and Criterion", 1929, Int J of Ethics "Statics and Dynamics: Some queries regarding the mechanical analogy in economics", 1930, ZfN. "Professor Fisher's Interest Theory: A case in point", 1931, JPE. "Modern Economic Society Further Considered", 1932, JPE. The Economic Organisation, 1933. "Capitalistic Production, Time and the Rate of Return", 1933, in Essays in Honor of Gustav Cassel. "The Nature of Economic Science in Some Recent Discussion", 1934, AER. "Social Science and the Political Trend", 1934, Univ of Toronto Quarterly "Common-Sense of Political Economy: Wicksteed Reprinted", 1934, JPE. The Ethics of Competitition and Other Essays, 1935. "The Ricardian Theory of Production and Distribution", 1935, Canadian JE. "A Comment on Machlup", 1935, JPE. "Professor Hayek and the Theory of Investment", 1935, EJ. "The Theory of Investment Once More: Mr. Boulding and the Austrians", 1935, QJE. "Some Issues in the Economics of Stationary States", 1936, AER. "The Place of Marginal Economics in a Collectivist System", 1936, AER. "The Quantity of Capital and the Rate of Interest", 1936, JPE. - See review by Ross Emmett "Pragmatism and Social Action: Review of Dewey", 1936, Int J of Ethics "Note on Dr. Lange's Interest Theory", 1937, RES. "Unemployment: and Mr. Keynes's revolution in economic theory", 1937, Canadian JE. "On the Theory of Capital: In reply to Mr. Kaldor", 1938, Econometrica. "The Ethics of Liberalism", 1939, Economica. "Socialism: The nature of the problem", 1940, Ethics "`What is Truth' in Economics", 1940, JPE. "The Significance and Basic Postulates of Economics: a rejoinder", 1941, JPE "Religion and Ethics in Modern Civilization", 1941, J of Liberal Religion "The Meaning of Democracy: its politico-economic structure and ideals", 1941, J of Negro Education "Social Science", 1941, Ethics. "The Business Cycle, Interest and Money: A methodological approach", 1941, REStat. "Professor Mises and the Theory of Capital", 1941, Economica. "The Role of the Individual in the Economic World of the Future", 1941, JPE. "Science, Philosophy and Social Procedure", 1942, Ethics "Fact and Value in Social Science", 1942, in Anshen, editor, Science and Man "Some Notes on the Economic Interpretation of History", 1942, Studies in the History of Culture. "Social Causation", 1943, American Journal of Sociology. "Diminishing Returns Under Investment", 1944, JPE. "Realism and Relevance in the Theory of Demand", 1944, JPE. "The Rights of Man and Natural Law", 1944, Ethics "Human Nature and World Democracy", 1944, American J of Sociology. "Economics, Political Science and Education", 1944, AER The Economic Order and Religion, with T.W. Merriam, 1945. "Immutable Law in Economics: Its reality and limitations", 1946, AER. "The Sickness of Liberal Society", 1946, Ethics "Salvation by Science: The gospel according to Professor Lundberg", 1947, JPE. Freedom and Reform: Essays in economics and social philosophy, 1947. "Free Society: Its basic nature and problem", 1948, Philosophical Review. "The Role of Principles in Economics and Politics", 1951, AER. "Institutionalism and Empiricism in Economics", 1952, AER. On the History and Methods of Economics: Selected essays, 1956. Intelligence and Democratic Action, 1960. "Methodology in Economics", 1961, Southern EJ "Abstract Economics as Absolute Ethics", 1966, Ethics. "Laissez Faire: Pro and con", 1967, JPE.

Resources on F.H.Knight HET Pages: the Risk and Uncertainty, the Opportunity Cost Debates, Law of Variable Proportions Ross Emmett's "What is Truth in Capital Theory?" page on Frank Knight. Ross Emmett's "Ethics of Competition" page. "Clarifying Frank Knight's discussion of the meaning of risk and uncertainty" by J. Runde, 1998, Cambridge Economics Journal F.H. Knight entry at Britannica.com F.H. Knight at Liberty Fund Extracts of Knight's "Economics and Human Action" provided by Laura Forgette.

以下是引用一刹春在2004-6-23 21:21:12的发言： 福格尔是进入芝大“社会思想委员会”的唯一一名经济学家，大约可以推测福格尔的知识是最渊博的，思想是最深邃的。去年诺贝尔文学奖得主库切也在这个委员会里面。

至少还有你，哈耶克。我马上让贴出来。可惜不知怎么回事，照片都无法上传，憾哉！

侠之大者——哈耶克，偶认为人类最有思想的人之一。

Friedrich August von Hayek, 1889-1992

Among the most masterful and insightful of 20th Century economists, Friedrich A. von Hayek alone could have stood shoulder-to-shoulder with his great rival, J.M. Keynes. Trained by Wieser and B鰄m-Bawerk in the Austrian tradition at Vienna, F.A. Hayek nonetheless carved a distinct spot in the economic pantheon - in some ways more different from the Austrian School than that of his friend and intellectual companion, Ludwig von Mises.

After some fundamental early contributions (e.g. his 1928 article is often credited with having introduced the concept of a fully intertemporal equilibrium), Hayek's early work was primarily in monetary cycle theory (1929, 1931, 1939). Drawing upon the "cumulative process" of Knut Wicksell and a Continental tradition of multi-sectoral overinvestment models, Hayek argued that when finance permitted investment to be greater than savings, then both desired investment and consumption demand cannot be met by actual output - thus there will be "forced saving" and changing degrees of "capital intensity" (with capital conceived in a very Austrian sense) changing output and employment. However, forced savings are not sustainable as capital goods demand will not be maintained if consumer goods producers are being dried of consumption demand. Thus, there is a contraction in output and a subsequent fall in capital intensity. Hayek argued that this "concertina" process was the main motor behind business cycles.

Hayek presented his main treatise on monetary cycle theory in a slim book, Prices and Production (1931), in England and was immediately drafted by Lord Robbins to join the L.S.E. - where he would serve as that institution's answer to Cambridge's John Maynard Keynes who was then working on similar issues. Keynes did not take lightly the criticisms Hayek made of his Treatise on Money (1930), and thus Keynes and Sraffa joined forces to bury Hayek and his cycle theory in the Economic Journal in 1932.

At the L.S.E., Hayek was instrumental in furthering its then-novel "continental" bent and he was highly influential on his junior colleagues (such as Hicks) and students (which included Lerner and Kaldor). However, following the appearance of the General Theory by J.M. Keynes in 1936, Lerner and Kaldor, like the rest of the economics profession, were drawn away from Hayek's orbit. Kaldor's departure was particularly stinging - since his subsequent criticisms of the "Ricardo Effect" upon which Hayek was hanging the remnants of a shredded cycle theory, led Hayek to abandon his cycle theory entirely.

Hayek's attempted to work a new system in his Pure Theory of Capital (1941), which he originally envisioned as a part of a larger work. In it, he attempted to develop a joint theory of investment and capital. Inexplicably, his 1941 book fell dead-born from the press and proved to be his last substantial effort in the area of theoretical Neoclassical economics. Nonetheless, many of the Hayekian capital themes would emerge later in the theory of investment by his students, notably Friedrich and Vera Lutz and Abba Lerner and, more distantly, Trygve Haavelmo.

Hayek turned in 1944 to the political arena with his Road to Serfdom, a polemical defense of laissez-faire - the work for which he is best known outside academia. His subsequent political activities include the foundation of the libertarian "Mont Pelerin Society" in the 1940s.

In 1935, Hayek had edited a book on the Socialist Calcuation debate in which Mises had been engaged. In resurrecting Barone's 1908 article, Hayek realized that the Mises attack on the socialist position was untenable. As a result, in several famous articles - notably, "Economics and Knowledge" (1937) and "On the Use of Knowledge in Society" (1945) - Hayek composed a response which advanced the "Socialist Calculation" debate to a new level. Succinctly, he claimed, countering Lange and the Paretians, that prices are not merely "rates of exchange between goods", but rather "a mechanism for communicating information" (Hayek, 1945). Hayek argued that people have little knowledge of the world beyond their immediate surroundings and this is what forces them to be price-takers - the crucial ingredient that makes the price system work. If, on the other hand, a particular agent's knowledge were greater, agents would then refuse to act as price-takers but rather make decisions in a way which would manipulate their environment to their advantage thereby destroying the price system. In a complex, uncertain environment, Hayek argument, agents are not able to predict the consequences of their actions, and only this way could the price system work. In Hayek's words, the "fatal conceit" of the Oskar Lange and other "Socialists" in the calculation debate was that they believed this order could be "designed" by a planner who just gets the prices right, without realising that a price system evolved spontaneously as a result of lack of knowledge. The same limited knowledge which afflicts the agent's predictive power must necessarily constrain the planner's as well.

Hayek enhanced this argument with considerations of "spontaneous order" - the idea that a harmonious, evolving order arises from the interaction of a decentralized, heterogeneous group of self-seeking agents with limited knowledge. This order, he claimed, was not "designed" nor could be "designed" by a social planner, even a very wise one, but merely "emerged" or evolved spontaneously from a seemingly complex network of interaction among agents with limited knowledge. Hayek's elaborations on this complex, evolving spontaneous order are found in various places (e.g. 1952, 1964). Hayek continued with his work on "evolving order", linking it with his work on political and legal theory (e.g. 1960, 1973). In tackling the evolution of political, social, legal and economic institutions, Hayek is rightly conceived as one of the founding fathers of "evolutionary economics".

In many ways, one can see how the work of the social "evolutionist" and skeptic philosopher, David Hume was particularly influential on Hayek. Indeed, Hayek's scholarly work on the history of economic thought - e.g. on John Stuart Mill, Richard Cantillon and the Bullionist Debates - often echoed his search for bedfellows in the past, those who had resisted the "rational", calculable worldviews and simplistic solutions ever-so-present within intellectual circles. In his work on the philosophy of science (1952), Hayek traces the intellectual roots of the rational-socialist tendencies of economics to the theories of Comte and Saint-Simon in the 19th Century.

Hayek's efforts were nonetheless ignored in the Keynesian mainstream which then dominated economics. Finding a deaf ear in economics, he looked elsewhere. In an apparently bizarre interlude, Hayek turned his attention to psychology - turning out an anti-behaviorist (and Hume-drenched) tract, The Sensory Order (1952), which fit into his "group selection" type of evolution he had applied to his "spontaneous order" in economics.

All this led to one of his most famous works, the Constitution of Liberty(1960) bringing all his previous work on political theory together into one magnificent defense of "Old Whig" political doctrine and a return attack on the Saint-Simon-Comte collectivism.

Having seen his old idea of a "commodity reserve currency" (1943) fail to generate much interest, Hayek turned in the 1970s to champion the cause of a "free banking system" originally proposed by Vera Smith Lutz and the devolution of monetary control away from the central banks and into the hands of private banks (1978). This drew upon him the opposition of Milton Friedman and the Chicago Monetarists.

After spending many fruitful years at the L.S.E., Hayek joined the Committee on Social Thought (not the economics department) of the University of Chicago in 1950. In 1962, Hayek left for the University of Freiburg in Germany and subsequently Salzburg, where he spent his remaining years. Hayek shared the Nobel Prize with Gunnar Myrdal in 1974 in one of the more controversial and surprising awards ever made (controversial because Myrdal had called for the abolition of the Nobel prize as a result of it having been awarded to Hayek and Friedman, and surprising for, at that time, Hayek was virtually forgotten in the economics profession). Interest in Hayek and his work increased after the 1974 award (his Nobel speech being a reiteration of his Counterrevolution thesis) and has kept on that track until today - his stock being enormously boosted by the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe.

Major Works of Friedrich A. Hayek "The Monetary Policy of the United States After the Recovery from the 1920 Crisis", 1925, ZfVS. "Friedrich von Wieser", 1926, JfNS. "Intertemporal Price Equilibrium and Movements in the Value of Money", 1928, WWA. Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle , 1929 "The Paradox of Saving", 1929, ZfN. Prices and Production , 1931 "Reflections on the Pure Theory of Money of Mr. J.M. Keynes", 1931-2, Economica. "A Note on the Development of the Doctrine of Forced Saving", 1932, QJE. "The Present State and Immediate Prospects of the Study of Industrial Fluctuations", 1933, in Spiethoff festschrift. "The Trend of Economic Thinking", 1933, Economica. "On Neutral Money", 1933, ??? "Carl Menger, 1840-1921", 1934, Economica. "The Maintenance of Capital", 1935, Economica. "Socialist Calculation", two articles in Hayek, 1935, editor, Collectivist Economic Planning. "Price Expectations, Monetary Disturbances and Malinvestments", 1935, Nationalokonisk Tidskrift. "Richard Cantillon: His life and work", 1936, Revue des Sciences Economiques. "Economics and Knowledge", 1937, Economica. "Investment that Raises the Demand for Capital", 1937, REStat. Profits, Interest and Investment: And other essays on the theory of industrial fluctuations , 1939. "The Socialist Calculation: the competitive solution", 1940, Econometrica. The Pure Theory of Capital , 1941 "The Ricardo Effect", 1942, Economica "The Facts of the Social Sciences", 1943, Ethics. "A Commodity Reserve Currency", 1943, EJ. The Road to Serfdom , 1944 "The Use of Knowledge in Society", 1945, AER. Individualism and Economic Order , 1948 "The Intellectuals and Socialism", 1949, U of Chicago Law Review. John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor, 1951. The Counter-Revolution of Science: Studies on the abuse of reason, 1952. The Sensory Order: an inquiry into the foundations of theoretical psychology,, 1952. "Degrees of Explanation", 1955, British Journal for Philosophy of Science. "The Dilemma of Specialization", 1956, in White, editor, State of Social Sciences. The Constitution of Liberty, 1960. "The Non Sequitur of the Dependence Effect", 1961, Southern EJ. "Rules, Perception and Intelligibility", 1962, Proceedings of British Academy. "The Economy, Science and Politics", 1963. "The Theory of Complex Phenomena", 1964, in Bunge, editor,The Critical Approach to Science and Philosophy. "Kinds of Rationalism", 1965, ESQ. "Principles of a Liberal Social Order", 1966, Il Politico. "Dr. Bernard Mandeville, 1670-1733", 1966, Proceedings of British Academy. "The Legal and Political Philosophy of David Hume", 1967, Il Politico. Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Sociology , 1967. "Competition as a Discovery Procedure", 1968, ??? "The Primacy of the Abstract", 1968, ??? "Three Elucidations of the Ricardo Effect", 1969, JPE. A Tiger by the Tail, 1972. Law, Legislation and Liberty, 3 volumes, 1973-79. "The Pretence of Knowledge", 1975, Les Prix Nobel en 1974 Denationalisation of Money: The argument refined, 1978. New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas, 1978. "Can We Still Avoid Inflation?" (orig. 1970) "Ludwig von Mises", 1977. "Toward a Free-Market Monetary System", 1979, J of Libertarian Studies. Money, Capital and Fluctuations: Early essays, 1984. The Fatal Conceit: Or the errors of socialism, 1988

Resources on F.A.Hayek The Hayek Scholars Page of Greg Ransom - excellent -- massive bibliographies and links. Curriculum Vitae of Hayek at Nobel Institute Press release of Nobel award (1974) Hayek Page at Nobel Prize Internet Archive "Friedrich August von Hayek" by Roger Garrison and Israel Kirzner (1987), in New Palgrave Roger Garrison's Time and Money: the macroeconomics of capital structure, 2000 Roger Garrison's Powerpoint Presentation of Hayek's Macroeconomic Theory (nice!) "Phillips Curves And Hayekian Triangles: Two Perspectives on Monetary Dynamics" by Don Bellante and Roger W. Garrison (1988), HOPE "Hayek Made No Contributions?" by Roger Garrison (1999), The Freeman Peter Boettke's Essay on Hayek. Friedrich Hayek Papers at Hoover Institution Bibliography of Hayek The L.S.E.'s Hayek Society. Greg Ransom's list of articles on Hayek that are available on internet - excellent. Greg Ransom's Hayek Quote page. Greg Ransom's Hayek quote sources page. Reason magazine interview with Hayek Hayek Biography by Peter Klein, at von Mises Institute "On the Legacy of Mises and Hayek: Symposium", Cato Journal, 1999 Hayek-L e-mail list. "Hayekian Triangles and Beyond" by Roger Garrison (1994), in Birner and van Zijp, eds. Hayek, Coordination and Evolution Hayek Centennial at Freiburg Hayek Page at LSE History Hayek Page at Britannica.com Hayek page at Britannica Guide to the Nobel Prizes Hayek Page at Laura Forgette