新军备竞赛：美国敦促盟友阻止华为参与5G建设-经管之家官网！

美国和中国都认为，谁主宰了5G，谁就将在本世纪大部分时间里获得经济、情报和军事上的优势。

BY DAVID E. SANGER, JULIAN E. BARNES, RAYMOND ZHONG, MARC SANTORA

America Pushes Allies to Fight Huawei in New Arms Race With China

华为在波兰华沙的办公室。

Jeremy Hunt, the British foreign minister, arrived in Washington last week for a whirlwind of meetings dominated by a critical question: Should Britain risk its relationship with Beijing and agree to the Trump administration’s request to ban Huawei, China’s leading telecommunications producer, from building its next-generation computer and phone networks?

英国外交大臣杰里米·亨特(Jeremy Hunt)上周抵达华盛顿，马不停蹄地参加了一系列会议，主导会议的一个关键问题是：英国是否应该冒着与北京搞坏关系的风险，同意特朗普政府的要求，禁止中国主要的电信制造商华为参加英国下一代计算机和移动电话网络的建设？

Britain is not the only American ally feeling the heat. In Poland, officials are also under pressure from the United States to bar Huawei from building its fifth generation, or 5G, network. Trump officials suggested that future deployments of American troops — including the prospect of a permanent base labeled “Fort Trump” — could hinge on Poland’s decision.

英国不是唯一感受这种到压力的美国盟友。波兰的官员们也面临着来自美国的压力，要求他们禁止华为建设波兰的第五代(5G)网络。特朗普政府官员暗示，美国军队未来的部署将会取决于波兰的决定，包括在波兰建立一个名为“特朗普堡”(Fort Trump)的永久性基地的可能性。

And a delegation of American officials showed up last spring in Germany, where most of Europe’s giant fiber-optic lines connect and Huawei wants to build the switches that make the system hum. Their message: Any economic benefit of using cheaper Chinese telecom equipment is outweighed by the security threat to the NATO alliance.

一个由美国官员组成的代表团去年春天来到德国，那里是欧洲大部分大型光纤线路的连接地点，也是华为想要连接这些系统制造交换机的地方。美国官员带来的信息是：让北约面临安全威胁的代价，远高于使用中国廉价电信设备所带来的任何经济利益。

Over the past year, the United States has embarked on a stealthy, occasionally threatening, global campaign to prevent Huawei and other Chinese firms from participating in the most dramatic remaking of the plumbing that controls the internet since it sputtered into being, in pieces, 35 years ago.

美国已在过去的一年里开始了一场秘密的、偶尔带有威胁性的全球行动，以阻止华为以及其他中国企业参与到这个互联网改造工程中来，这次改造是自互联网在35年前一步步建成以来最引人注目的升级。

The administration contends that the world is engaged in a new arms race — one that involves technology, rather than conventional weaponry, but poses just as much danger to America’s national security. In an age when the most powerful weapons, short of nuclear arms, are cyber-controlled, whichever country dominates 5G will gain an economic, intelligence and military edge for much of this century.

特朗普政府认为，世界正在进行一场新的军备竞赛，虽然这是一场涉及技术，而非常规武器的竞赛，但对美国的国家安全构成同样大的威胁。在一个由计算机网络控制着最强有力武器（除核武器以外）的时代，任何主导5G技术的国家，都将在本世纪的大部分时间拥有经济、情报和军事上的优势。

The transition to 5G — already beginning in prototype systems in cities from Dallas to Atlanta — is likely to be more revolutionary than evolutionary. What consumers will notice first is that the network is faster — data should download almost instantly, even over cellphone networks.

向5G的过渡很可能更具革命性，而非渐进性，这种过渡已经以雏形系统的形式在达拉斯和亚特兰大等城市开始。消费者首先会注意到的是，网络速度更快了，数据下载的速度将几乎是即时的，即使是在手机网络上。

It is the first network built to serve the sensors, robots, autonomous vehicles and other devices that will continuously feed each other vast amounts of data, allowing factories, construction sites and even whole cities to be run with less moment-to-moment human intervention. It will also enable greater use of virtual reality and artificial intelligence tools.

这是第一个为传感器、机器人、自动驾驶汽车和其他设备提供服务的网络，这些设备将不间断地相互提供海量数据，让工厂、建筑工地乃至整个城市更少在时时刻刻的人工干预下运行。这个网络还将让虚拟现实和人工智能工具得到更广泛的应用。

But what is good for consumers is also good for intelligence services and cyberattackers. The 5G system is a physical network of switches and routers. But it is more reliant on layers of complex software that are far more adaptable, and constantly updating, in ways invisible to users — much as an iPhone automatically updates while charging overnight. That means whoever controls the networks controls the information flow — and may be able to change, reroute or copy data without users’ knowledge.

但是，对消费者有用的东西，对情报机构和网络攻击者也有用。5G系统是交换机和路由器的物理网络。但5G网络也更多地依靠一层层的复杂软件，这些软件有更强的适应性，而且会在用户不知不觉中不断更新——就像iPhone在夜间充电时自动更新那样。这意味着谁控制了网络，谁就控制了信息流动——并且可能在用户不知情的情况下更改数据、改变数据传输的路由，或复制数据。

In interviews with current and former senior American government officials, intelligence officers and top telecommunications executives, it is clear that the potential of 5G has created a zero-sum calculus in the Trump White House — a conviction that there must be a single winner in this arms race, and the loser must be banished. For months, the White House has been drafting an executive order, expected in the coming weeks, that would effectively ban United States companies from using Chinese-origin equipment in critical telecommunications networks. That goes far beyond the existing rules, which ban such equipment only from government networks.

在对现任和前任美国高级政府官员、情报人员和电信高管的采访中，一件事情变得很清楚，那就是，5G的潜力在特朗普的白宫里创造了一种零和计算，美国政府坚信，这场军备竞赛只有一个赢家，成王败寇。白宫几个月来一直在起草一项行政命令，预计在未来几周内公布，该命令将实际上禁止美国公司在关键的电信网络中使用中国制造的设备。这个禁令远远超过只禁止此类设备进入政府网络的现有规定。

Nervousness about Chinese technology has long existed in the United States, fueled by the fear that the Chinese could insert a “back door” into telecom and computing networks that would allow Chinese security services to intercept military, government and corporate communications. And Chinese cyberintrusions of American companies and government entities have occurred repeatedly, including by hackers suspected of working on behalf of China’s Ministry of State Security.

美国对中国技术的担忧已存在了很久的时间，这种不安主要来自一种担心，即中国可能会在电信和计算网络中插入“后门”，让中国安全机构能够拦截军事、政府和企业通信。而且，中国对美国公司和政府实体的网络入侵已经发生过多次，包括疑为中国国家安全部工作的黑客的入侵。

But the concern has taken on more urgency as countries around the world begin deciding which equipment providers will build their 5G networks.

但随着世界各国开始决定将使用哪些设备供应商来建设本国的5G网络，这种担忧变得更加紧迫。

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