Philipp Wilhelm von Hörnigk (1640-1714), who delivered the economic policy measures in the most succinct way.Like Johann HeinrichGottlob von Justi in the next century, Hörnigk was a German-born economist in the service of Austria. Hörnigk’s book Österreich über alles, wann es nur will (‘Austria above everyone else, if only she had the will to’) was published anonymously in 1684,and was the most successful German-language economics book of the period. Like Seckendorff,Hörnigk corresponded with Leibniz, the famous, practically inclined philosopher of the time.Hörnigk’s economics was ‘reality economics’, based on intensive studies of the actual situation in the country. His 1684 book reached at least 16 editions and remained in print for a full one hundred years (Carpenter, 1795: 10). The centenary edition was published in 1784 under the title Bemerkungen über die österreichische Staatsökonomie (‘Remarks on the Economy of the State of Austria’).
As in the case of Seckendorff, understanding Hörnigk requires understanding the setting. As with Seckendorff, civilization, as it was known was then, under threat. Just two years before the book was published, the Turks had ended one of several unsuccessful sieges of
Vienna. Austria suffered great famines in 1648/50, 1692/94,1698/1702 and 1712/13 and devastating pests in the 1630s, 1650s and 1680s. To the North, the once powerful Hanseatic League had long been in decline, and to the South, neighbouring Venice and Italy had started on a similar downward path. These were challenging times for Austria.Hörnigk distrusted the merchants and complained that wealthy people, who had the funds to invest, did not do so. He recommended a different kind of shock therapy from that of today’s economists and the Washington Consensus: the complete prohibition of luxury goods
from abroad should prompt the rich to invest in national manufacturing. Like William Petty in England at that time, Hörnigk was an early proponent of ‘political arithmetic’. Among other
things, he calculated the income from artisans in a successful Dutch city.
Hörnigk’s ‘Nine Points of Economic Policy’ from his 1684 book will be summarised below, and comments are added on the ircumstances in which such policies, today most unusual, would be appropriate and efficient. Hörnigk’s recommendations are representative, not only of German economic policy, both then and later, but also of principles that, to varying degrees, were typical of Europe’s way out of underdevelopment.
以上文字是摘自Erik Reinert,‘The German economics as development economics:from thirty year war to World War II’,in K.S.Jomo(ed),The origins of development economics,中译文见赖纳特（挪威），贾根良（中国）主编：《贫国的国富论：演化发展经济学论文选》第十六章，北京：高等教育出版社，2006年底即将出版。
中文文献中有关霍尼克的材料主要是《经济分析史》第一卷。他是学院派经济学现之前的官房学派的集大成者，继承和发展了被称为官房学派的亚当。斯密泽肯道夫(Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff，1626 -1692)的经济思想和政策观，也是官房学派第一位经济学家贝歇尔Johann Joachim Becher，1635-1682)的妹夫。他提出的九条经济政策，主要是为了保持一国的竞争力，认为资源应该用于生产而必须减少奢侈品消费，原材料留在国内深加工有利于就业有国民收入增加，“出口至上”等，就今天来看是反对“华盛顿共识”的，但是却是贫国变富的战略选择。
从泽肯道夫经霍尼克到尤斯蒂（Georg Heinrich Zincke Justi，1692-1769）和屠能（Johan Heinrich von Thünen，1783-1850），再到李斯特（Friedrich List），这种强调生产和国家经济政策的德国经济学传统，与信奉自由主义的重农学派与古典政治经济学针锋相对。这一切对立皆起因于两种的哲学基础不同，按照赖纳特的观点,英法经济学的哲学基础是经验主义，代表性哲学家是洛克（John Locke）,他认为刚出生的人的心智是一块白块，被动地接受外界对其产生的影响。而德国经济学传统的哲学基础是莱布尼茨（Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz，1646-1716）和沃尔夫（Christian Wolff，1679-1754）的哲学，这种哲学认为人是具有创造性的，带有神性（god-like），和就与斯密认为的人具有交换的倾向不同了。因此，我们看到的德国历史学派、马克思熊彼特的经济学说，在主流经济学看来异端的学说却是德国经济学传统的重要部分。还是赖纳特，他认为古典经济学、新古典经济学是启蒙运动理性主义经济学的成员，而德国经济学传统是文艺复兴创造性经济学（又称另一种教规经济学,the othercanon economics）的成员，这种划分在思想史研究中是开拓性的。相似地，贾根良教授将经济学划分牛顿主义和达尔文主义，也是强调经济学宇宙观基础的不同。这些划分中，强调历史、制度、生产、情境脉络特定性的经济学，都是比所谓的现代经济学思想传统更浓厚、宇宙观更开放、与现实联系更密切的理论。现在所谓的新熊彼特学派、老制度主义以及某些新马克思主义等，都在后一类经济学中，这就构成了演化经济学的强大阵营，演化经济学就不仅仅局限于新熊彼特学派了。
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