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Using SPSS For Windows Data Analysis and Graphics
Second Edition
With 105 Figures

Preface v
Part I. Introduction 1
Chapter 1. The Nature of SPSS 3
1.1 Getting Started with SPSS for Windows ................................................3
Windows.................................................................................................3
The Main Menu......................................................................................4
1.2 Managing Data and Files........................................................................5
Entering Your Own Data........................................................................5
Adding Cases and Variables...................................................................7
Deleting Cases and Variables.................................................................7
Defining Variables .................................................................................8
Opening Data Files.................................................................................9
Reading SPSS Data Files......................................................................10
Reading Data Files in Text and Other Formats ....................................11
Saving Data Files..................................................................................12
1.3 Transforming Variables and Data Files ................................................12
Computing New Variables ...................................................................13
Recoding Variables ..............................................................................14
Recoding into the Same Variable .........................................................15
Recoding into Different Variables........................................................17
Selecting Cases.....................................................................................18
If Condition ..........................................................................................18
Random Sample ...................................................................................19
1.4 Missing Values .....................................................................................20
VIII CONTENTS
Analyses with Missing Data.................................................................21
1.5 Examining and Printing Output ............................................................23
Printing Output .....................................................................................23
1.6 Using SPSS Syntax...............................................................................24
Chapter Exercises ........................................................................................26
Part II. Descriptive Statistics 27
Chapter 2. Summarizing Data Graphically 29
2.1 Summarizing Categorical Data.............................................................30
Frequencies...........................................................................................30
Frequencies with Missing Data ............................................................32
Bar Charts.............................................................................................33
2.2 Summarizing Numerical Data ..............................................................35
Changing Intervals ...............................................................................37
Stem-and-Leaf Plot...............................................................................40
Chapter Exercises ........................................................................................41
Chapter 3. Summarizing Data Numerically: Measures of
Central Tendency 43
3.1 The Mode..............................................................................................43
3.2 The Median and Other Percentiles........................................................45
The Median ..........................................................................................45
Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles, and Other Quantiles ............................47
3.3 The Mean..............................................................................................48
Proportion as a Mean............................................................................50
Chapter Exercises ........................................................................................51
Chapter 4. Summarizing Data Numerically: Measures of
Variability 53
4.1. Ranges .................................................................................................54
The Range ............................................................................................54
The Interquartile Range........................................................................55
4.2 The Standard Deviation ........................................................................55
4.3 Some Uses of Location and Dispersion Measures Together ................56
Box-and-Whisker Plots ........................................................................56
Standard Scores ....................................................................................57
Chapter Exercises ........................................................................................60
Chapter 5.5.1 Association of Two Numerical Variables.............................................64
Scatter Plots..........................................................................................64
Changing the Scales of the Axes ..........................................................66
Other Information Revealed by Scatter Plots .......................................67
The Correlation Coefficient..................................................................69
Rank Correlation ..................................................................................70
5.2 More than Two Variables .....................................................................71
Correlation Matrix................................................................................71
Missing Values.....................................................................................73
Chapter Exercises ........................................................................................74
Chapter 6. Summarizing Multivariate Data: Association
Between Categorical Variables 77
6.1 Two-by-Two Frequency Tables ...........................................................77
Calculation of Percentages ...................................................................79
Phi Coefficient......................................................................................81
6.2 Larger Two-Way Frequency Tables .....................................................81
6.3 Effects of a Third Variable ...................................................................83
Marginal Association of Three Dichotomous Variables ......................83
Conditional Association of Three Dichotomous Variables ..................85
Chapter Exercises ........................................................................................87
Part III. Probability 89
Chapter 7. Basic Ideas of Probability 91
7.1 Probability in Terms of Equally Likely Cases......................................91
7.2 Random Sampling; Random Numbers .................................................93
Chapter Exercises ........................................................................................94
Chapter 8. Probability Distributions 95
8.1 Family of Standard Normal Distributions ............................................95
Finding Probability for a Given z-Value ..............................................96
Finding a z-Value for a Given Probability ...........................................97
Chapter Exercises ........................................................................................97
Chapter 9. Sampling Distributions 99
9.1 Sampling from a Population .................................................................99
Random Samples..................................................................................99
9.2 Sampling Distribution of a Sum and of a Mean .................................100
9.3 The Normal Distribution of Sample Means........................................102
The Central Limit Theorem................................................................102
Chapter Exercises ......................................................................................105
CONTENTS XI
Part IV. Inferential Statistics 107
Chapter 10. Answering Questions About Population
Characteristics 109
10.1 An Interval of Plausible Values for a Mean.....................................109
10.2 Testing a Hypothesis About a Mean ................................................110
Validity Conditions..........................................................................111
Conducting the Hypothesis Test ......................................................113
Relationship Between Two-Tailed Tests and
Confidence Intervals...............................................................115
10.3 Testing Hypotheses About a Proportion ..........................................115
10.4 Paired Measurements .......................................................................117
Testing Hypotheses About the Mean of a
Population of Differences.......................................................118
Testing the Hypothesis of Equal Proportions...................................120
Chapter Exercises ......................................................................................121
Chapter 11. Differences Between Two Populations 123
11.1 Comparison of Two Independent Means .........................................123
One-Tailed Tests..............................................................................126
Chapter Exercises ......................................................................................126
Chapter 12. Inference on Categorical Data 129
12.1 Tests of Goodness of Fit ..................................................................129
Equal Probabilities ...........................................................................130
Probabilities Not Equal ....................................................................131
12.2 Chi-Square Tests of Independence...................................................133
12.3 Measures of Association ..................................................................135
Chapter Exercises ......................................................................................136
Chapter 13. Regression Analysis: Inference on Two or
More Numerical Variables 139
13.1 The Scatter Plot and Correlation Coefficient ...................................140
13.2 Simple Linear Regression Analysis .................................................142
Test of Significance for the Model...................................................144
Test of Significance for 􀁅.................................................................146
Estimating the Regression Equation ................................................147
Drawing the Regression Line...........................................................147
13.3 Another Example: Inverse Association of X and Y.........................148
No Relationship ...............................................................................151
13.4 Multiple Regression Analysis ..........................................................151
Selecting the Order of Entry of the Independent Variables .............151
Simple Correlations..........................................................................155
The Full Model ................................................................................155
XII CONTENTS
Incremental Models..........................................................................156
13.5 An Example with Dummy Coding...................................................157
Chapter Exercises ......................................................................................159
Chapter 14. ANOVA: Comparisons of
Several Populations 163
14.1 One-Way Analysis of Variance .......................................................164
Examining the Data..........................................................................164
Running the One-Way Procedure ....................................................166
14.2 Which Groups Differ from Which, and by How Much?..................169
Post-Hoc Comparisons of Specific Differences...............................169
Effect Sizes ......................................................................................171
14.3 Analysis of Variance of Ranks.........................................................171
14.4 Two-Factor Analysis of Variance ....................................................173
Chapter Exercises ......................................................................................180
Chapter 15. Exploratory Factor Analysis 181
15.1 Conducting an Exploratory Factor Analysis ....................................182
15.2 Interpreting the Results of the Factor Analysis Procedure...............184
15.3 Scale Reliability ...............................................................................187
15.4 Computing Split-Half Coefficient Estimates ...................................189
15.5 Computing Cronbach Coefficient Alpha..........................................191
Chapter Exercises ......................................................................................192
Appendix A. Data Files 195
Appendix B. Answers to Selected Chapter Exercises 209
Index 225

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