¹«¹²¾¼ÃѧµÄ¹ýÈ¥¡¢ÏÖÔÚºÍδÀ´
1£®µ¼ÑÔ
¹«¹²¾¼ÃѧÊÇÑо¿¾¼ÃÁìÓòÖÐZF½øÐй«¹²¸ÉÔ¤ÎÊÌâµÄѧ¿Æ£¬ËüÊÇÔÚ20ÊÀ¼Í50Äê´úÓɹ«¹²²ÆÕþѧÖð²½·¢Õ¹ÆðÀ´£¬70Äê´ú³õ³ÉΪ¶ÀÁ¢µÄѧ¿Æ£¬²¢ÔÚ1971Äê´´°ìÁ˹«¹²¾¼ÃѧÆÚ¿¯¡£
ÎÒÃǽ«¼òµ¥µØÂÛÖ¤£¬ÏÖ´ú¹«¹²¾¼Ãѧ²úÉúµÄÔÒòÊÇ£¬ZFÔÚʵʩ¶Ô×ÊÔ´µÄÉú²úºÍ·ÖÅäÉϵÄÖ°ÄÜʱ£¬»á¶àÉÙÃ÷È·µØ¿¼ÂÇÐÅÏ¢µÄÔ¼Êø¡£¸¥¼ªÄáÑÇÀí¹¤Ñ§ÔººÍÖ¥¼Ó¸ç´óѧ¶Ô´ÈÉÆZF£¨benevolent State£©µÄÅúÆÀ£¬ÒÔ¼°Ä¿Ç°ÕþÖξ¼ÃµÄ¸´ÐË£¬³ÉΪ½â¶Á¹«¹²¾¼Ãѧз¢Õ¹µÄÓÖÒ»¹Ø¼üÒòËØ¡£ÎÒÃǽ«ÓÃËIJ¿·ÖÀ´ËµÃ÷ÕâЩÎÊÌâ¡£
µÚ¶þÕ½«ÆÀÊö°¢ÂÞ-µÂ²¼Â³£¨Arrow-Debreu£©µÄÒ»°ã¾ùºâ·¶ÀýÔÚ¹«¹²¾¼ÃѧÖеĺ¬Òå¡£µÚÈýÕÂÈ«ÃæµØÆÀÊö£¬µ±¿¼ÂÇZFÐÅÏ¢Ô¼Êøʱ£¬ÔÚ¹«¹²¾¼ÃѧÖпÉÒԵóöµÄһЩ»ù±¾½áÂÛ¡£µÚËÄÕÂÊǶԴÈÉƹú¼Ò·¶ÀýµÄÂÛÊö¡£µÚÎåÕ½«¼òÒªÃèÊöÎÒÃǶԹ«¹²¾¼ÃѧδÀ´·¢Õ¹µÄ¿´·¨¡£
2£®¹«¹²¾¼ÃѧºÍ°¢ÂÞ- µÂ²¼Â³Ä£ÐÍ
ÔÚ°¢ÂÞ- µÂ²¼Â³Ä£ÐÍÖУ¬´ÈÉƹú¼ÒÕÆÎÕÈ«²¿ÐÅÏ¢£¬ÔÙ·ÖÅäÎÊÌâÊÇͨ¹ýµÚ¶þ¸£Àû·¨Ôò£¨second welfare theorem£©½â¾öµÄ¡£ÔÚ²ú³ö¼¯ºÏ£¨production sets£©Í¹ÐÔ¼ÙÉ裨convexity assumptions£©Ï£¬µ±¾ºÕùÐÔ¾ùºâͨ¹ýÒ»´ÎÐÔ×ܸ¶Ë°£¨lump sum taxes£©¶Ô³õʼ×ÊÔ´ÖØзÖÅäʱ£¬ÈκÎÅÁÀ×ÍÐ×îÓÅ×ÊÔ´·ÖÅ䶼¿ÉÒÔ×îÖÕ±»·ÖÉ¢¡£Í¬ÑùµÄ£¬¶Ô¹«¹²ÎïÆ·Õ÷ÊÕÒ»´ÎÐÔ½ÉÄÉ×ܶîË°²»»á¸Ä±ä×ÊÔ´¾ºÕùÐÔ·ÖÅäЧӦ¡£ÔÚ1970ÄêÒÔÇ°£¬¹«¹²ÎïÆ··ÖÅäµÄЧÂʱê×¼£¬ÍâÔÚÒòËØÊʵ±µÄÄÚÔÚ»¯£¬Ô¤ËãƽºâµÄ¹«¹²²úÆ·µÄ¶¨¼Û¶¼±»¹ãΪ½ÓÊÜ¡£
Ò»¸öʵÖÊÐÔÎÊÌâÒ»Ö±ÔÚÍƶ¯×ÅÀíÂÛ¼ÒµÄÑо¿¡£µÚ¶þ¸£Àû·¨ÔòÖÐÓйزú³ö¼¯ºÏµÄ͹ÐÔ¼ÙÉèÔÚ¹«¹²¾¼ÃѧÖÐÊÇÓÐÕùÂ۵ġ£Êʵ±µÄÊг¡»á²úÉúÍⲿÒòËصÄÄÚÔÚ»¯£¨°¢ÂÞArrow£¬1969£©£¬ÔÚ¸ºÍⲿ×÷ÓÃÏ£¬²ú³ö¼¯ºÏ·Ç͹ÐԵķ¶Î§»áÑÓÉìµ½ÎÛȾȨ£¨Ë¹´ïÀ×ÌØ Starrett £¬1972£©¡£Ö»ÓзÇÏßÐÔË°¶ÔÐÅÏ¢µÄÒªÇó±È½Ï¿Á¿Ì£¬Òò¶ø¶ÔÅÁÀ×ÍÐ×îÓÅ·ÖÅäµÄʵʩ²úÉúÖÊÒÉ¡£Í¬Ñù£¬¶Ô´óÁ¿µÄ¹«¹²·þÎñ£¬²ú³ö¼¯ºÏµÄ·Ç͹ÐÔ£¨×ÔȻ¢¶Ï¼ÙÉ裩Ëƺõ³ÉΪ·¨Ôò¡£ºÕÌ©Á飨Hotelling£©1938ÄêÔ®ÒýµÄÀý×Ó£¬ÒªÇóÒ»°ã¾ùºâѧÅÉÀíÂÛ¼Ò²ÉÓñ߼ʳɱ¾¶¨¼Û£¬²¢Í¨¹ýÒ»´ÎÐÔ½ÉÄÉ×ܶîË°ÃÖ²¹¹«¹²»ù½ðµÄ²»×ã¡£²ÉÓñ߼ʳɱ¾¶¨¼ÛµÄ¾ºÕù¾ùºâµ¼Ö·Ç͹ÐÔ£¬µ«ÊÇ£¬ÅÁÀ×ÍÐ×îÓŲ¢²»Ö§³ÖÕâЩÓмÛÖµµÄ¸ÅÀ¨¡£¸Ç´ÄÄá¶û£¨Guesnerie£¬1975£©¾ÙÀý˵Ã÷£¬¼´Ê¹ÊÇÒԱ߼ʳɱ¾¶¨¼Û£¬Ò»Ð©³õʼ×ÊÔ´µÄ·ÖÅäÓëÅÁÀ×ÍÐЧӦҲÊÇÏ໥ì¶ÜµÄ¡£±´ÍУ¨Beato£©ºÍÂí˹-¿¼Àû¶û£¨Mas-Colell£¬1985£©Ìá³ö£¬ÔÚûÓÐÒ»´ÎÐÔ×ܸ¶Ë°µÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Ñо¿µÃ³öµÄ½áÂÛÊÇ£º¼ÈʹÉú²úЧÂÊÊܵ½Ó°Ï죬ÔÚÒ»°ã¾ùºâÏ£¬±ß¼Ê³É±¾¶¨¼Û²»ÔÊÐíÅÁÀ×ÍÐ×îÓŵķÖÉ¢¡£
µ«ÊÇ£¬¶ÔÓÚÐÅÏ¢ÍêÈ«µÄ´ÈÉƹú¼Ò£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´ÓÐÈËÏ£Íû·ÖÉ¢ÅÁÀ×ÍÐ×îÓÅÄØ£¿ÔõÑù¹ÜÀí¹«¹²¹«Ë¾µÄÎÊÌ⣬ÔÚ15ÄêÖ®ºóͨ¹ýо¼Ã¹ÜÖƱ»ÖØÐÂÌáÉÏÈճ̡£
3£®¹«¹²¾¼ÃѧºÍ²»¶Ô³ÆÐÅÏ¢
3.1 ×îÓÅËùµÃË°
ÎÒÃÇÏÖÔÚÄܹ»È·¶¨Ò»Ð©ÏÈÇý£¨Î¬¿ËÈðVickrey£¬1945£¬Ã׶ûÀû˹Mirrlees 1971£©±Ø¶¨ÊǵÚÒ»¸ö¾ö¶¨ÐÔ¹¥¿Ë·ÇÏßÐÔ¶¨¼ÛºÍ¹«¹²¾¼Ãѧ¼¤ÀøÀíÂÛµÄÈË¡£ÆäÎÄÕ£¬´Ó»ù±¾µÄ·½·¨Â۹۵㿴£¬ÊÇһƪÀíÂۺ;ÑéÓлú½áºÏµÄÖøÊö¡£
Ã׶ûÀû˹ģÐ͵ĺËÐÄÊÇÓйشúÀíÈË£¨agent£©ÄÚÔÚ²ú³öµÄ²»¶Ô³ÆÐÅÏ¢¡£Ò»´ÎÐÔ½ÉÄɵÄ×ܸ¶Ë°ÔÊÐíÖØзÖÅä×ÊÔ´£¬»áÐèÒªÓйØÕâЩ²ú³öÍâÔÚ»¯µÄ֪ʶ¡£ZF±ØÐëÓÃË°ÊÕÂú×ã×ÔÉíµÄÐèÒª£¬Ë°ÊÕ²»½öÊÇÒԿɼûÊÕÈ루ȡ¾öÓÚ²ú³ö£©Îª»ù´¡µÄ£¬»¹ÒÔÉú²úʱ¼äΪ»ù´¡£¬µ«Ë°Îñ»ú¹Ø¶Ô·ÇÏÔÐÔ¹¤×÷ʱ¼äµÄÈ·¶¨ÊÇÓвîÒìµÄ¡£
ͨ¹ý¼ò»¯µÄ¶ÔÌæ´úÆ·±ß¼ÊÂÊÔÚÊÕÈëºÍÏÐϾ֮¼äºÃµÄ¼ÙÉ裬ÐγɴúÀíÈËÄÚÔÚ²ú³öµÄÒ»Ôª·½³Ì¡£Í¨¹ý¶ÔÓйØ×ÊÔ´·ÖÅä²ú³öÖзÖÉ¢ÐÅÏ¢µÄ¿ÎË°£¬Ã׶ûÀû˹Äܹ»ÍêÕûµØÌṩԼÊøÌØÐÔÃèÊö¡£¶ÔÅÓÌØÈð¸ù£¨Pontryagin£©ÀíÂÛµÄÒýÓã¬Ê¹ÆäÄܹ»µÃµ½Ò»Ð©Ë°ÂʱíÖеIJÎÊý£¬ÕâЩ·á¸»Á˱¾ÉªÄ·ÌØ£¨Benthamite£©µÄÉç»á¸£Àûº¯Êý£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ£¬ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬´ó¶àÊý²ú³ö´úÀíÈ˵ı߼ÊË°ÂÊҪΪÁã¡£
¾¼Ãѧ¼ÒÈÏΪÕâÏ×÷¶Ô¾¼ÃÕþ²ßµÄÓ°Ïì΢²»×ãµÀ¡£Õâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇÒòΪģÐ͵ÄÐ黯ÌØÐÔ£¬ºöÂÔÁ˱ÜË°¡¢ËùµÃÉóºËµÈ¡£Ð½üÌá³öµÄһЩÎÊÌ⣬ÀýÈç²ú³öµÄ·Ç͹ÐԺͳÐŵµÄÌá¸ß£¬Ê¹Ñо¿¹¤×÷¸ü¼ÓÀ§ÄÑ¡£È»¶ø£¬ÎÄÕÂÖÐÌá³öµÄ¼¤ÀøÐÔÔÙ·ÖÅäºÍ½»Ì棨trade-off£©½×¶ÎµÄÖ÷Òª¾Ñ飬ʹµÃµÚ¶þ¸£Àû·¨ÔòʧȥЧÓá£ÔÙ·ÖÅäÔ½¶à£¬ÔòÉú²úЧÂÊÔ½µÍ¡£
3.2 Ò»°ãË°ÊÕÀíÂÛ
´÷Ãɵ£¨Diamond£©ºÍÃ׶ûÀû˹ѡÓÃÒ»°ã¾ùºâ½á¹¹ÎªÏßÐÔË°µÄÒ»°ãÀíÂÛÌṩ֧³Ö£¬ÕâÊÇÓнϴóʵ¼ÊÓ°ÏìµÄ¡£ÔÚÕâÀÐÅÏ¢Ô¼Êø×ܼÆÁËËùµÃË°ºÍÏû·ÑË°µÄÏßÐÔ¡£³ýÖ¤Ã÷ÁËÔÚÒ»°ã¾ùºâ½á¹¹Öвú³öЧÂʵĽá¹ûÍ⣬ÕâƪÎÄÕ»¹°ÑË°ÊÕÀíÂÛÌáÉýµ½Ò»°ã¾¼ÃÀíÂÛµÄˮƽ¡£Ë°Îñ»ú¹Øͨ¹ý¶ÔÌض¨¾¼ÃÊÂÎñµÄ¹Û²ìºÍÆäËûÐÅÏ¢²»¶Ô³ÆÎÊÌâµÄÑо¿£¬Ã÷È·×îÓÅË°ÖÆÎÊÌâ¾ÍÊÇË°»ùºÍË°ÂʵÄ×îÓÅÉèÖÃÎÊÌâ¡£³ýÁËÕâЩ³É¹û£¬´Ó´ÎÓÅË°ÖÆ£¨¸Ç˹ÄÚ¶ûGuesnerie£¬1995£©µÃ³öµÄÒ»°ã½á¹ûÈÔÓÐȱǷ£¬²»µÃ²»±»µ÷Õû¹ýµÄÒ»°ã¾ùºâÄ£Ð͵ÄÄ£Äâ·½·¨ËùÈ¡´ú¡£°´ÕÕÅÁÀ×ÍеĹ۵㣬ÓÐÄÇôһµãÐÛÐIJª²ªµÄÓйظĸï¾Ö²¿ÀûÒæµÄ¼Æ»®£¬ÎªÐí¶à·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄ¸Ä¸ïÌṩÁË·½·¨Â۵Ĺ¹¼Ü£¨¼û°¬¹þĬ´ïAhmad ºÍ˹Ìض÷Stern£¬1991£©¡£¶Ô΢¹ÛÊý¾ÝµÄ¾¼ÃѧÑо¿£¬Äܹ»´ÙʹÎÒÃǸüºÃµØÀí½â¹«¹²Õþ²ßÖй«Æ½ºÍЧÂʵÄÌæ´úÎÊÌ⣨½ðKing£¬1983£©¡£
3.3 Ãâ·Ñ´î³µµÄÎÊÌâ
ÔÚ70Äê´ú£¬°éËæןñÂÞ·ò˹roves£¬1973£©ºÍ¿ËÀ¿Ë£¨Clarke£¬1971£©µÄÂÛÎÄ£¬¹«¹²¾¼Ãѧһ¶ÈáÈÆð£¬ÐµĽáÂÛÊǼƻ®½â¾öÃâ·Ñ´î³µµÄÎÊÌ⣬Ҳ¾ÍÊǵ±²»ÖªµÀ´úÀíÈËΪÄÇЩ¹«¹²ÎïÆ·¸¶Ç®µÄÕæʵÒâԸʱ£¬ZFÈçºÎÈ·¶¨¹«¹²ÎïÆ·µÄˮƽºÍ³ï×ʵÄÎÊÌâ¡£¼´Ê¹ÕâЩ½áÂÛµÄÌåϵÔÚ¾ÑéÉϵÄÊÊÓÃÐÔÊÇÓÐÕùÒéµÄ£¬ÕâЩÔÚ¼¤ÀøÀíÂÛ£¨incentive theory£©ÉÏʵÏֵijɾͣ¬ÎªÆäËû¾¼ÃѧÁìÓòµÄ·¢Õ¹ÆðÁËÖØÒª×÷Óá£ÔÚ20ÊÀ¼Í80ºÍ90Äê´ú£¬ÕâЩÁìÓòÒѾÒýÓÃÁËÄÇЩ¹¤¾ß(¸ñÁÖGreenºÍÀ·áLaffont£¬1979£»°¢Ë¹ÆÕÀïÃÉÌØ£¨Aspremont£©ºÍ½ÜÀµÂ-ÍßÀûÌØGerard-Varet£¬1979)¡£
ÒÀÕÕ±ØÐëÖ§¸¶´úÀíÈ˳ɱ¾µÄÔÔò£¬Ò»¸öÈËͨ¹ýÆä»î¶¯¶ÔÉç»áÆäËû³ÉԱʩ¼ÓÓ°ÏìËù¹¹³ÉµÄ³É±¾£¬ÊÇ´ÙʹÆäÔÚÒ»¸ö×î¼ÑÉç»á״̬ÖлµÄ¹Ø¼üÒªËØ£¬×Ýʹȱ·¦ÆäÌØÕ÷ÐÅÏ¢¡£Ò»¸öZFÄܹ»½¨Á¢Í³ÖÎÐÔµÄÕ½ÂÔ»ú¹¹£¬Ê¹´úÀíÈËÓµÓÐÏßÐÔ£¨Ë½ÈËÎïÆ·µÄÏßÐÔ£©µÄÆ«ºÃ£¬²¢ÕæÕýµØÏÔʾÆäÆ«ºÃ£¬Í¬Ê±ÈÔ¾ÉÄܹ»ÊµÏÖ×îÓż¶µÄ¹«¹²ÎïÆ·¡£ÕâЩ»ú¹¹Í¨³£¼ÈûÓÐƽºâµÄÔ¤ËãҲûÓиöÈ˵ÄÀíÐÔ¡£Í¨¹ý¶Ô±´Ò¶Ë¹£¨Bayesian£©¼¤ÀøÁ¦Á¿µÄÏ÷ÈõʤÓÚͳÖÎÐÔÕ½ÂÔµÄʵʩ£¬Äܹ»µÃµ½Ô¤ËãµÄƽºâ¡£¸öÈËÀíÐÔͨ¹ýÒªÇóÎÞȨԤ¸¶µÄÊÖ¶ÎÄܹ»²¿·ÖµØ±»»Ö¸´¡£
·Ç¶Ô³ÆÐÅÏ¢¶Ô¹«¹²¸ÉÔ¤µÄÖØÒªÐÔÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏÂÄܹ»±»Àí½â¡£Ê×ÏÈËüÒý³öÁËÆôʾÐÔÔÔò£¨Revelation Principle£©£¬ÕâÏÔʾÁ˼´Ê¹´æÔÚ²»ÀûµÄÑ¡ÔñºÍµÀµÂÇÖº¦£¬²ÉÈ¡¼¯È¨·½·¨½øÐй«¹²¾ö²ßÈÔÈ»ÊÇÓÐЧµÄ¡£Æä´Î£¬ËüÌṩÁ˱ê×¼»¯µÄ·ÖÎö¹¹¼Ü£¬³ÉΪZFÔÚÃæÁÙÐÅÏ¢²»¶Ô³Æʱ£¬³ý°¢ÂÞ-µÂ²¼Â³Ä£ÐÍÍâµÄÓÖһѡÔñ¡£¼¤ÀøÐÔµ÷ÕûÅÁÀ×ÍÐ×îÓŵĸÅÄîÊÇÔÚ¼¤ÀøÐÔÔ¼ÊøÏ£¬ÅÁÀ×Íбê×¼×î´ó»¯µÄÒ»ÖÖ·ÖÅ䣬²¢ÒѳÉΪһ¸ö¾¼ÃÒâÒåÉÏ¿ÉÐеÄбê×¼£¬Õâ¸ö±ê×¼ÔÊÐíÎÒÃÇÒÔ¸üʵ¼ÊµÄ·½Ê½¶Ô¹«¹²»ú¹¹×ö³ö±È½Ï¡£
ÏÖÔÚ£¬¹«¹²¾¼ÃѧÒÔÆôʾÐÔÔÔòΪ»ù´¡£¬Í¨¹ýµ÷Õû°µº¬µÄºÍÃ÷È·µÄ¼ÙÉè¼ÌÐøÆä·¢Õ¹½ø³Ì¡££¨¼ûµÚÎåÕ£©¡£
3.4 ¹«¹²·þÎñ¹ÜÖÆ
ÂÞ²¼£¨Leob£©ºÍÂí¼ÓÌØ£¨Magat £¬1979£©£¬°Ý¡£¨Baron£©ºÍ÷¶ûËÉ£¨Myerson 1982£©½¨Á¢ÁËÓйØ×ÔȻ¢¶ÏµÄÄ£ÐÍ£¬ÓÃÓÚ´¦ÀíÔÚÐÅÏ¢²»¶Ô³ÆʱµÄ×î¼Ñ¿ØÖÆÎÊÌâ¡£µ«¹ÜÖÆÕߺöÊÓÁË¢¶Ï³É±¾º¯Êý¾«È·µÄÌØÐÔ¡£Õâ¸öÐÅϢȱ¿ÚÆÈʹ¹ÜÖÆÕß´óÌåÉÏ·ÅÆúÁ˶Ô¢¶ÏµÄ×â½ð¡£Õâ±»³ÆΪÐÅÏ¢×â½ð£¬²úÉúÓÚÒ»¸ö¸ßЧÂʹ«Ë¾ÒԽϵ͵ijɱ¾È¥Ä£·ÂÒ»¸öµÍЧÂʹ«Ë¾µÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ¡£¹ÜÖƵÄÓÅ»¯ÔÚÓÚͨ¹ý×ÊÔ´·ÖÅäµÄŤÇúʹÆä±äµÃµÍЧÂÊ£¬´Ó¶ø¼õÉÙÕâ¸ö³É±¾»¯µÄÐÅÏ¢×â½ð¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚ°Ý¡ºÍ÷¶ûËɵÄÄ£ÐÍÖУ¬Í¨¹ý¼õÉÙ²ú³ö×Üˮƽȥ¼õÉÙ×â½ð£¬»òÕß²ÉÓøßÓڱ߼ʳɱ¾¶¨¼ÛµÄ·½·¨¡£¸üΪÆÕ±éµÄÊÇ£¬Ò»¸öÈËÈç¹û»¨·ÑÁË°üÀ¨ÐÅÏ¢×â½ðÔÚÄÚµÄÉç»á³É±¾£¬Æä±ã»Ö¸´¾¼Ãѧ¼Òͨ³£Ëù˵µÄ×îÓÅÖ±¾õ¡£
À·á£¨Laffont£©ºÍµÏÂåÀ×£¨Tirole 1993£©ÒÔË«ÐÅÏ¢²»¶Ô³ÆΪ»ù´¡¹¹½¨Á˹ÜÖÆÀíÂÛ£¬Ò»¸öδ֪µÄ³É±¾²ÎÊýºÍÒ»¸ö¹ÜÀíÕßÄÑÒÔ²ì¾õµÄŬÁ¦Ë®×¼¶¼»á¼õÉٳɱ¾¡£Ð§ÂÊ×â½ðµÄÌæ´ú³ÉΪ³É±¾³¥¸¶¹ÜÖƵÄÑ¡ÔñÐÎʽ¡£ÔÚÒ»¸ö¼«¶ËÇé¿öÏ£¬ÕâÄܳÉΪ¹Ì¶¨¼Û¸ñÐÎʽºÍ¼õÉٳɱ¾µÄÆ«ºÃ£»»òÕßÔÚÁíÒ»¸ö¼«¶ËÇé¿öÏ£¬ÄܳÉΪ³É±¾Ôö¼ÓÏîºÍÌáÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢×â½ðµÄÆ«ºÃ¡£×îÓÅ»¯¹ÜÖƵÄʵʩ¾³£ÊÇͨ¹ýÒ»¸ö³É±¾³¥»¹¹æÔòºÍÀ©Õ¹ÀÄ·Æ붨¼Û·½·¨ÊµÏֵġ£
ÕâЩÀíÂÛÒѾÐγÉÁËÑÏÃܵĹ¹¼ÜÓÃÓÚ·ÖÎö´«Í³µÄ¹ÜÖÆ£¬ÀýÈç»Ø±¨ÂʵĹÜÖÆ»òÕß¼Û¸ñȱ¿Ú£¨price gap£©µÄ¹ÜÖÆ¡£¹«¹²·þÎñ×ÔÓÉ»¯µÄʵÏÖÔÚÓÚµ±·Å¿ª¾ºÕùʱ£¬Ö»¶ÔÔÚ¹«¹²·þÎñ·½ÃæÉæ¼°µ½ÄÇЩÍøÂ磨network£©ÐÐÒµ×ÔȻ¢¶Ï²¿·ÖµÄµ÷½Ú¡£Õâµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸öÖØÒªÎÊÌ⣬¼´ÈçºÎÔÚ¹ÜÖƺ;ºÕùµÄ²¿·ÖÑ¡Ôñ½øÈë¼Û¸ñ£¬ÒÔÈ·±£Ò»¸öºÃµÄ½Ó¿Ú¡£ÔÚÈ·±£ÈÔÈ»Äܹ»ÈÚ×ʺͷ¢Õ¹Ê±£¬ÈçºÎÑ¡Ôñ½øÈ붨¼Û¹æÔòÒÔÓÅ»¯ÍøÂçµÄÓÃ;ÄØ£¿µ±ÍøÂ羺Õùʱ£¬ÀýÈçµçѶҵ£¬ÎÒÃÇÊÇ·ñÓ¦µ±±£³Ö½øÈëµÄ¹«¹²¹ÜÖÆ£¬ÒÔ±ÜÃâ¿ÉÄܵÄÏ໥¹´½á¶øÈ¡µÃ½øÈëÊÕ·ÑÉϵĻ¥»Ý£¬»òÕ߸ɴàʵʩ¾ºÕùÕþ²ßÄØ£¿¶ÔÓÚ·Å¿ª¾ºÕùµÄ²¿·Ö£¬ÊÇÒ»¶¨ÒªÊµÊ©¾ºÕùÕþ²ßµÄ¡£
ÕâÖÖ¢¶Ï¹ÜÖÆÊǹ«¹²¾¼ÃѧÖв»ÍêÈ«¾ºÕùÀíÂÛµÄÒ»¸ö×é³É²¿·Ö£¬Îª´Ë£¬ÔÚ¢¶Ï¹ÜÖƺ;ºÕùÕþ²ßÖ®¼ä±ØÐë¹¹ÖþÒ»¸öÇÅÁº¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬¾ºÕùÕþ²ßµÄÀíÂÛ»¯Ôںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÈÔÈ»ÊÇÒ»¸öÐü¶øδ¾öµÄÎÊÌâ¡£
3.5 ZFµÄ¸Ä¸ï
¶ÔÉç»áÖ÷ÒåºÍ×ʱ¾Ö÷ÒåÖ®¼äµÄ¹ÅÀÏÕùÂÛ£¬¼Ì¶øÒý·¢Á˹ØÓÚ¹«¹²¸ÉÔ¤·¶Î§ºÍ¸üΪÆÕ±éµÄ¹ØÓÚZF¸Ä¸ïµÄ¹«¿ªÕùÂÛ¡£
ÖØÊÓZFÐÅÏ¢»¯À§ÄÑ£¬×ÔÈ»µ¼ÖÂÕýÃæÌá³öZF½á¹¹µÄÎÊÌ⣬ÌرðÊÇZFµÄµÈ¼¶½á¹¹ÎÊÌâ¡£Òò´Ë£¬¶Ô¸¯°ÜµÄÀíÂۺ;ÑéÑо¿£¨ÂÞ˹-°¢¿ËÂü£¬Rose-Ackerman£¬1978£©£¬ÒѾ³ÉΪ¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÖÐÒ»¸ö»ù±¾¿ÎÌâ¡£ÕâÖÖ¸¯°Ü²»½ö´æÔÚÓÚZF´«Í³ÌØȨµÄÖ´ÐÐÖУ¬ÔÚÒ»¶¨Ìõ¼þÏ»¹´æÔÚÓÚ¹«¹²¸ÉÔ¤ÖУ¬ÀýÈç¹ÜÖÆ¡¢¾¼Ã×ÊÖú¡¢ZF²É¹ºµÈ¡£
ZF±ØÐëίÅÉ´úÀíÈË£¬µ«ÕâЩ´úÀíÈ˶¼ÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄ˽ÈËÀûÒ棬Òò´Ë£¬Õþ²ßµÄÖ´ÐкÍÐ޸Ķ¼Òª¿¼ÂÇÕâЩ´úÀíÈ˵Ķ¯»ú¡£Õâ¾³£±íÏÖΪ¼õÉÙȨÁ¦µÄ¼¤Àø·½°¸ÐÎʽ£¬ÒÔ¼õÉÙÏ໥¹´½áµÄÀûÒæÎStakes£©»òÕß¼õÉÙÕâЩ´úÀíÈ˵Ä×éÖ¯£¬È¡¶ø´úÖ®ÒÔ¶ÀÁ¢µÄʵÌå¡£
ºÁÎÞÒÉÎÊ£¬ÖØÊÓÔ¼ÊøÏ໥¹´½áµÄZF¸ÉÔ¤Ïà¶ÔÊǵÍЧÂʵģ¬µ«È´ÊǸü¼ÓÏÖʵµÄ¡£
4£®¹«¹²¾¼ÃѧµÄÕþÖξ¼Ãѧ
¹«¹²¾¼ÃѧÒÑÓеĴ󲿷ÖÀíÂÛ·¢Õ¹ÊǼÙÉèZFÊÇÒ»¸ö´ÈÉƵĶÀ²ÃÕߣ¬²¢³Ðµ£Éç»á¸£Àû×î´ó»¯µÄÖ°Ôð¡£ÈËÃÇÓÃÕâÖÖ·½·¨À´ÃèÊöZF£¬Ê¹Æä¾ßÓÐÕâÖÖÌØÕ÷£¬²¢½âÊÍÒѾºöÊÓÁ˶¯»úÎÊÌâµÄ´æÔÚ£¬Òò´Ë°Ñ¾¼ÃÕþ²ßÊÚȨ¸øÁËÕþ¿ÍÃÇ¡£¸¥¼ªÄáÑÇÀí¹¤Ñ§ÔººÍÖ¥¼Ó¸ç´óѧºÜÔç¾ÍÖ¸³öÕâÖÖ´íÎó£¬ËüÃÇÏÖÔÚ´¦ÓÚÕþÖξ¼Ãѧ¾Þ´ó³É¾ÍµÄÖÐÐÄλÖ㬲¢³¢ÊÔÖØÐÂÒýÈëÓþ¼Ãѧȥ·ÖÎöÕþÖÎÔ¼ÊøÎÊÌâ¡£ÕâÖֳɾͺܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÀ´×ÔÓÚºê¹Û¾¼ÃѧºÍ¹ú¼Ê¾¼Ãѧ£¬¶øÕâЩÏÖÔÚÊǹ«¹²¾¼ÃѧÕùÂÛµÄÖÐÐÄ£¨µÏ¿Ë˹ÌØDixit£¬1996£»À·áLaffont£¬2000£©¡£
ʵ¼ÊÉÏ£¬Í¨¹ý·ÅÆú´ÈÉÆZFµÄÉñ»°£¬ÈËÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ¼ÄÏ£ÍûÓÚ·¢Õ¹ÓÐÒâÒåµÄ˽Óл¯ÀíÂÛ¡£ÏÄƤÂÞ£¨Shapiro£©ºÍÍþÁ飨Willing£¬1990£©ÉèÏë¹ýZF˽Óл¯µÄÒé³Ì¡£¹«¹²¹«Ë¾µÄ˽Óл¯ÔÚÕþÖÎȨÁ¦ºÍ¹«Ë¾Ö®¼ä²úÉúÒ»¸öÐÅÏ¢²»¶Ô³Æ£¬ÕâʹµÃÄÇЩ˽Óл¯¹¤×÷¸ü¼ÓÀ§ÄÑ£¬µ«ËæºóÄܹ»Ê¹¹«ÃñÊÜÒæ¡£ÕâÏóÊÇÈËÃÇÏ£ÍûÄܹ»ÀíÂÛ»¯±ß¼Ê³É±¾¶¨¼ÛµÄÂ۱磨˹ÃÜSmith£¬1776£»Í߶ûÀ˹Walras£¬1897£©£¬Í¬ÑùҲϣÍûÕÒ»Øϲ°®Æ½¾ù¶¨¼Û·¨µÄ¾µä¾¼Ãѧ¼ÒµÄÖ±¾õ£¨À·á£¬2000£©¡£Í¬Ñù£¬ÑØ×ÅÕâЩÏßË÷£¬ÈËÃÇÄܹ»±íÊö·ÖȨÀíÂÛ£¬ÒÔ¸ü¸ºÔðÈεÄ̬¶È²Ã¾ö³öЧÂʵÄËðʧºÍËùµÃ£¨Ë¹²¼ÀÌØSeabright£¬1996£©¡£
5£®¹«¹²¾¼ÃѧºÍ²»ÍêÉƺÏÔ¼
¼´Ê¹ÔÚÐÅÏ¢²»¶Ô³ÆµÄÌõ¼þÏ£¬Í¨¹ýÆô·¢ÐÔÔÔò£¬ºÏÔ¼ÀíÂÛÔÚºÏÔ¼ÖÐûÓÐÔ¼Êø¾¼Ã¼¯È¨×éÖ¯µÄÓÅÔ½ÐÔ£¬ÔÚͨ¹ýÖ¸ÁîÓÅ»¯×éÖ¯¾¼Ã»î¶¯Ö®Ç°£¬ËùÓÐÐÅϢͨ¹ý¼¤Àøе÷»ú¹¹Á÷ÏòZF£¬²¢ÏòÏÂÁ÷Ïò¾¼Ã´úÀíÈË¡£
´ÓÒÔÆô·¢ÐÔÔÔòΪ»ù´¡µÄ¼ÙÉèµÃµ½ÕâÑùÒ»¸öÓëÖ±¾õÏà·´µÄ½á¹û£ºÈ羼ôúÀíÈËÍêÃÀµÄÀíÐÔ¡¢ÐÅÏ¢¹µÍ¨³É±¾µÄȱ·¦¡¢ÊµÓÃÐÔÀíÐÔ¡¢´ÈÉƵÄÆÀÅС¢ÍêÉƵÄίÍÐȨ¡£
³ýÁË·¢Õ¹ÍêÈ«ºÏÔ¼·¶ÀýÓÃÒÔ¿¿½üÀýÈç½ÌÓý¾¼ÃѧºÍ½¡¿µ¾¼ÃѧÁìÓòÖ®Í⣬ºÏÔ¼ÈÔÈ»Äܹ»²úÉúеÄÊӽǣ¬ÏÖ´æºÍ²»Ô¶½«À´µÄ¹«¹²¾¼ÃѧÀíÂÛÌåϵÔÚÓÚÒ»²½²½µØ±Æ½øÕâЩ¼ÙÉè¡£²»ÐÒµØÊÇ£¬ÎÒÃDz»ÖªµÀÔõÑùÓÃÒ»¸ö»ù±¾·½·¨È¥´¦ÀíÆäÖеĴó¶àÊýÎÊÌâ¡£ÎÒÃÇ»¹Ã»ÓÐÒ»¸ö»ùÓÚ¾¼ÃѧÒâÒ彨Á¢µÄÐÅÏ¢¹µÍ¨³É±¾Ä£ÐÍ£¬ÎÒÃÇҲûÓÐÓйØÆÀÅÐÕßÐÐΪģÐÍ¡£ËùÒÔ£¬ÀíÂÛ¼ÒÓкܶàȱµã£¬ÕâЩȱµã¾¡¹ÜÔÚÀíÂÛÉÏÊDz»ÄÜÍêÈ«ÁîÈËÂúÒâµÄ£¬µ«±Ï¾¹ËûÃÇÌṩÁËһЩÊÓÒ°¡£
ÀýÈ磬¶ÔºÏÔ¼±ØÒªµÄ¼ò»¯³öÓÚÓÐÏÞµÄÀíÐÔÔÒò£¬»òÕߣ¬È±ÉÙ´ÈÉƵÄÆÀÅпÉÄÜÏÞÖƺÏÔ¼µÄÐíŵȨÁ¦¡£×÷Ϊһ¸öȱµã£¬ÓÐÈË»áÑо¿Èç¹ûÐíŵֻÔÚ¶ÌʱÆÚÄÚÊÇ¿ÉÄܵĻ°»á·¢Éúʲô£¬»òÕßÈç¹ûÓÐÈ˲»ÄܳÐŵ¶øÎÞ·¨ÖØÐÂ̸ÅУ¨µÂÍßµÏÅÓÌØ£¬Dewatripont£¬1989£©¡£Í¬ÑùµÄ£¬¶àÔÔò½á¹¹¿ÉÄÜÓÐÕâÑùµÄ½á¹û£¬´ÓÐÅÏ¢¹µÍ¨³É±¾ºÍ×ÔÉíÔ¸ÍûµÄ³ö·¢µãÈ¥Ó븯°ÜÕ½¶·¡£ËûÃÇÕâÖÖµÍЧµÄ×ö·¨£¬»á±»ÃèÊö³ÉÄÉʲ£¨Nash£©ÐÐΪµÄÖ÷Òª¼Ì³ÐÈË£¨ÂíµÙĪÌØ£¬Martimort£¬1992£»Ë¹¶ÅÀÕ£¬Stole£¬1991£©¡£¹«¹²¾¼ÃѧµÄÕþÖξ¼ÃÀíÂۻᱻÊÓΪ¶ÔÏÜ·¨ÖƶȵıØÒª¼ò»¯µÃ³öµÄ½á¹û¡£Î´¾Ö¤ÊµµÄ·¶Àý£¨ÍþÁ®Ä·É£¬Williamson£¬1975£»¹þÌØ£¬Hart£¬1995£©Ò²·ûºÏºÏÔ¼µÄÌرðÔ¼Êø¡£
ÎÒÃǽ«¿´µ½£¬¹«¹²¾¼ÃÀíÂÛͨ¹ýÔÚºÏÔ¼ÖеÄÕâЩԼÊø¸ü½Ó½üÓÚÕæʵµÄÊÀ½ç¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚÕâ¹ý³ÌÖÐÎÒ¿´µ½Ò»Ð©ÏÞÖÆ¡£´ÓÀíÂ۵Ĺ۵ãÀ´¿´£¬ÔÚºÏÔ¼Öкϲ¢¸÷ÖÖÌرðµÄÔ¼Êø¿ÉÄÜûÓÐÒâÒ壬ËüÃDz»ÄÜÒÔͬһÏÖÏóÖеóö½á¹ûΪ»ù´¡¡£´Óʵ֤µÄ¹Ûµã¿´£¬¼ÆÁ¿¾¼Ãѧ¼ÒÐèÒª½«×îʵ¼ÊµÄºÏÔ¼Ô¼ÊøºÏ²¢ÔÚÒ»ÆðµÄ½á¹¹ÐÎʽ¡£µ±ËûÃDz»ÊÇÔ´ÓÚ±»ºÜºÃ½ç¶¨µÄÖƶÈÔ¼Êøʱ£¬ÕâÐèÒª¾«ÃܵÄÑ¡Ôñ¡£ÏñÏÖ½ñ´ó¶àÊýʵ֤¹«¹²¾¼Ãѧ³É¹ûÄÇÑù£¬ËäÈ»¼òµ¥µ«½á¹¹ÐÎʽÍêÈ«´íÎ󣬻òºÜ¸´ÔÓµ«¸üʵ¼Ê£¬ÕâÑùһЩÎÄÕÂ×ÜÊǽ»Ìæ³öÏֵġ£
·Òë×Ô¡¶¹«¹²¾¼ÃѧÔÓÖ¾¡·2002ÄêµÚ12ÆÚ
×÷Õß¼ò½é
¹ú¼ÊÖøÃû¹«¹²¾¼Ãѧ¼Ò¡ª¡ªÈãÑÅ¿Ë¡¤À·á£¨Jean-Jacques Laffont£©
ÈÃ-ÑÅ¿Ë¡¤À·á½ÌÊÚ£¬1975Äê»ñµÃ¹þ·ð´óѧ¾¼Ãѧ²©Ê¿Ñ§Î»£¬1979ÄêÆðÔÚ·¨¹úͼ¬×È´óѧÈξ¼Ãѧ½ÌÊÚÖÁ½ñ¡£À·á½ÌÊÚÏȺóÔÚ¼ÓÖÝÀí¹¤Ñ§Ôº¡¢±öϦ·¨ÄáÑÇ´óѧ¡¢¹þ·ð´óѧÒÔ¼°°Ä´óÀûÑǹúÁ¢´óѧµÈµ£ÈηÃÎʽÌÊÚ£¬²¢ÓÚ1992Äê¡¢1998Äê·Ö±ðµ£ÈÎÊÀ½ç¼ÆÁ¿¾¼Ãѧ»áÖ÷ϯºÍÅ·ÖÞ¾¼ÃлáÖ÷ϯ¡£
1990ÄêËû´´½¨Á˲úÒµ¾¼ÃÑо¿Ëù£¨IDEI£©£¬²¢µ£ÈθÃÑо¿ËùµÄËù³¤ÖÁ½ñ¡£Ä¿Ç°Õâ¸öÑо¿ËùÒѾ³ÉΪÊÀ½çÉÏÑо¿²úÒµ¾¼Ã×îÖªÃûµÄѧÊõ»ú¹¹Ö®Ò»¡£
À·á½ÌÊÚÔÚ΢¹Û¾¼ÃѧµÄÐí¶àÁìÓò¶¼×ö³öÁ˽ܳöµÄ¹±Ï×£¬ÆäÖаüÀ¨¹æÖÆÀíÂÛ¡¢¼¤ÀøÀíÂÛ¡¢¹«¹²¾¼Ãѧ¡¢·¢Õ¹¾¼ÃѧµÈÁìÓò¡£Ëû²»½öÊÇ20ÊÀ¼Í70Äê´úίÍдúÀíÀíÂÛ¡¢80Äê´úÐÅÏ¢¾¼ÃѧÓë²ÆÕþѧÀíÂÛ¡¢90Äê´ú²úÒµ×éÖ¯Óë¹æÖÆÀíÂÛµÄÊÀ½ç¼¶Ñ§Êõ´øÍ·ÈË£¬Ò²ÊÇйæÖƾ¼ÃѧµÄµì»ùÈËÖ®Ò»£¬ËûÔÚ¾¼Ãѧ½çÓÐ׿«¸ßµÄѧÊõµØλºÍÉùÓþ¡£´ÓÉÏÊÀ¼ÍÄ©µ½±¾ÊÀ¼Í³õ£¬À·á½ÌÊÚÓëÌ©ÀÕ¶û½ÌÊÚºÏ×÷½«ÆóÒµÀíÂÛ¡¢ÐÅÏ¢¾¼ÃѧÀíÂۺͲ©ÞÄÂÛÓ¦ÓÃÓÚµçОºÕùµÄʵ¼ùÖУ¬´´½¨Á˵çОºÕùµÄ΢¹Û¾¼ÃѧÐÂÀíÂÛ¡£
À·á½ÌÊÚÒѾ³ö°æÁË£±£²±¾Ñ§ÊõרÖø£¬ÔÚ¸÷ÀàȨÍþ¾¼ÃѧÔÓÖ¾ÉÏ·¢±íÁË200¶àƪѧÊõÂÛÎÄ¡£ËûµÄ¡¶ZF²É¹ºÓë¹æÖÆÖеļ¤ÀøÀíÂÛ¡·£¨ÓëÌ©ÀÕ¶ûºÏÖø£©Ò»ÊéÔËÓÃÏÖ´ú¾¼ÃѧÀíÂÛµÄ×îй¤¾ß£¬¶ÔйæÖƾ¼Ãѧ½øÐÐÁË×î¾ßȨÍþÐÔµÄϵͳ·ÖÎö£¬ÕⱾרÖøÊÇÆù½ñΪֹ¹æÖƾ¼ÃѧÀíÂÛ×îȨÍþµÄ²Î¿¼Ê飬±»Ñ§Êõ½ç³ÆΪ¹æÖÆÀíÂ۵ġ°Ê¥¾¡±¡£Ëû×î½üÓëÌ©ÀÕ¶ûºÏÖøµÄ¡¶µçОºÕù¡·£¬ÁîÈËÄÑÒÔÖÃÐŵؽ«¾¼ÃѧÀíÂÛÍêÃÀµØÔËÓõ½Êµ¼ÊµÄÕþ²ß·ÖÎöÖУ¬ÕⱾרÖøËù²ûÊöµÄ¹Ûµã¶ÔÊÀ½çÉϺܶà¹ú¼ÒµÄµçПĸï²úÉúÁ˹㷺ºÍÉîÔ¶µÄÓ°Ïì¡£Ëû×î½ü³ö°æµÄ¡¶¼¤ÀøºÍÕþÖξ¼Ãѧ¡·£¬ÀûÓúÏͬÀíÂÛ·½·¨Ñо¿ÕþÖξ¼ÃÎÊÌ⣬¿ª´´ÁËÐÂÕþÖξ¼ÃѧÑо¿µÄÒ»¸öÐÂÁ÷ÅÉ¡£
Ô×÷ÕߣºÈá¤ÑÅ¿Ë¡¤À·á( ÕÅÎÄ´ºÒëУ)
À´Ô´£º·¨¹úͼ¬×È´óѧ