֪ʶµã
1¡¢¶ÀÓÐÌØÕ÷£º
the United Sates£ºÐ¾¼Ãʱ´ú£¨²ú³öÔö¼Ó¡¢¾ÍÒµÎȶ¨Ôö¼Ó£¬Ê§ÒµÂÊÎȶ¨¼õÉÙ¡¢µÍͨÕÍÂÊ£©
the European Union£º¸ßʧҵÂÊ¡¢»õ±Òͳһ½ø³Ì
Japan£º¾¼Ã·´×ª
2¡¢¼ÆËãGDPµÄ5µã¹æÔò
¢ÙGDP=²úÆ·Ò»¼Û¸ñx²úÆ·Ò»ÊýÁ¿+²úÆ·¶þ¼Û¸ñx²úÆ·¶þÊýÁ¿
¢ÚUsedgoods¶þÊÖ»õ are not included in the calculation of GDP.
¢Ûinventories£¨´æ»õ£© stored£¨Áô×÷ÒÔºóÏúÊÛ£©their value is included in GDP.
Spoil£¨»µµÄ£©£ºGDP remains unchanged
ÒÔºóÏúÊÛʱthey are considered used goods (and are not counted).
¢ÜIntermediate goods£¨Öмä²úÆ·£©are not counted in GDP
GDP²â¶ÈµÄÊÇ×îÖÕ²úÆ·ºÍÀÍÎñµÄÊг¡¼ÛÖµ¡£
¢ÝSomegoods are not sold in the marketplace and therefore don¡¯t have market prices.We must use their imputed value £¨¹ÀËã¼ÛÖµ£©as an estimate of their value. For example, homeservices.
3¡¢¿Â²¼-µÀ¸ñÀ˹º¯Êý£¨ Ϊ×ʱ¾µÄ·Ý¶î£©
,¼´³¤ÆÚÖйúÃñÊÕÈëÔÚ×ʱ¾ºÍÀͶ¯Ö®¼äµÄ»®·Ö´óÌåÉÏÊDz»±äµÄ¡£
»õ±Ò*»õ±ÒÁ÷ͨËÙ¶È = Îï¼Û*²ú³ö
MV = PY
YÊÇʵ¼ÊGDP£¬PÊÇGDPƽ¼õÖ¸Êý£¬¶øPYÊÇÃûÒåGDP¡£V³ÆΪ»õ±ÒµÄÊÕÈëÁ÷ͨËٶȡ£
»õ±ÒÐèÇóº¯Êý£ºM/P=kY
M/PΪʵ¼Ê»õ±ÒÓà¶î£¬kΪ³£Êý£¬Ëü±íʾÈËÃÇÊÖ³Ö»õ±ÒÔÚÊÕÈëÖÐËùÕ¼±ÈÀý¡£¸Ã·½³Ìʽ˵Ã÷£¬Êµ¼Ê»õ±ÒÐèÇóÁ¿Óëʵ¼ÊÊÕÈë³É±ÈÀý¡£
M£¨1/k£©= PY
ÔÚÕâÀïV=1/k £¬Ëü˵Ã÷ÁË»õ±ÒÐèÇóÓë»õ±ÒÁ÷ͨËÙ¶ÈÖ®¼äµÄ¹Øϵ£º¼´kÔ½´ó£¬V¾ÍÔ½Âý£»kԽС£¬V¾ÍÔ½¿ì¡£
ÈçºÎÓûõ±ÒÊýÁ¿ÂÛ½âÊÍͨÕÍ£¿
MµÄ°Ù·Ö±È±ä¶¯+VµÄ°Ù·Ö±È±ä¶¯=PµÄ°Ù·Ö±È±ä¶¯+YµÄ°Ù·Ö±È±ä¶¯
MµÄ°Ù·Ö±È±ä¶¯ÓÉÑëÐпØÖÆ£»VµÄ°Ù·Ö±È±ä¶¯ÊÇÁ㣬V²»±ä£»PµÄ°Ù·Ö±È±ä¶¯ÊÇͨ»õÅòÕÍ£»Éú²úÒªËغÍÉú²úº¯Êý¾ö¶¨²ú³öˮƽY¡£»õ±Ò¹©¸ø¾ö¶¨²ú³öÁ¿µÄÃûÒå¼ÛÖµPY. Îï¼ÛˮƽPÊDzú³öµÄÃûÒåPYÓë²ú³öˮƽYµÄ±ÈÂÊ¡£Òò´Ë»õ±Ò¹©¸øµÄÔö³¤ËٶȾö¶¨Í¨»õÅòÕÍÂÊ
4¡¢·ÑѩЧӦ
ÃûÒåÀûÂÊi=ʵ¼ÊÀûÂÊ r+ ͨÕÍÂʦÐ
¸ù¾Ý·ÑÑ©·½³Ìʽ£¬Í¨»õÅòÕÍÂÊ1% µÄÉÏÉýÒýÆðÃûÒåÀûÂÊ1%µÄÉÏÉý¡£ÕâÖÖͨ»õÅòÕÍÂʺÍÃûÒåÀûÂÊÖ®¼äÒ»¶ÔÒ»µÄ¹Øϵ³ÆΪ·ÑѩЧӦ¡£
5¡¢¹Åµä¶þ·Ö·¨The ClassicalDichotomyÈÏΪ»õ±Ò¹©¸øµÄ±ä¶¯²»Ó°Ïìʵ¼Ê±äÁ¿£¬ÕâÖÖ»õ±Ò¶Ôʵ¼Ê±äÁ¿µÄÎÞ¹ØÐÔ³ÆΪ»õ±ÒÖÐÐÔ¡£
Ãû´Ê½âÊÍ£º
1¡¢ÃûÒåGDP(Nominal GDP)£ºÒÔÒ»¶¨Ê±ÆÚÊг¡¼Û¸ñ±íʾµÄ¹úÄÚÉú²ú×ÜÖµ£¬³Æ×÷¸ÃʱÆÚµÄÃûÒåµÄGDP¡£
2¡¢Êµ¼ÊGDP(Real GDP)£ºÒÔijһÄê×÷Ϊ»ùÄêµÄ¼Û¸ñ±íʾµÄ¹úÄÚÉú²ú×ÜÖµ£¬³Æ×÷¸ÃʱÆÚµÄʵ¼ÊµÄGDP¡£
3¡¢»õ±ÒÊýÁ¿ÂÛ£¨The Quantity Theory of Money£©£ºÈç¹û¼ÙÉè»õ±ÒÁ÷ͨËÙ¶ÈV²»±ä£¬ÄÇô»õ±ÒÁ¿¾ö¶¨Á˾¼Ã²ú³öµÄ»õ±Ò¼ÛÖµ¡£M = P
4¡¢»õ±ÒÖýÔìË°£¨seigniorage£©£ºÍ¨¹ý·¢Ðлõ±Ò³ï¼¯ÊÕÈë³ÆΪ»õ±ÒÖýÔìË°¡£
5¡¢Í¨»õÅòÕÍË°£¨inflation tax£©£ºµ±Õþ¸®·¢Ðлõ±ÒΪ֧³öÈÚ×Êʱ£¬ËüÔö¼ÓÁË»õ±Ò¹©¸ø£¬´Ó¶øÒýÆðͨ»õÅòÕÍ¡£Í¨»õÅòÕͺÜÏó¶Ô³Ö±ÒÕßÕ÷Êյĸ³Ë°
6¡¢¹ºÂòÁ¦Æ½¼Û£¨PurchasingPower Parity£©£ºÍ¬ÑùµÄ²úÆ·ÔÚͬһʱ¼äÔÚ²»Í¬µØ·½ÒÔÏàͬµÄÎï¼Û³öÊÛ¡££¬½«ÆäÔËÓÃÓÚ¹ú¼ÊÊг¡¼´Îª¹ºÂòÁ¦Æ½¼Û¡£
7¡¢×ÔȻʧҵÂÊ£¨Natural rateof unemployment£©£ºÖ¸Ò»¶¨µÄ¾¼Ã½á¹¹ÏÂËùº¬ÓеÄʧҵÂÊ£¬Ò²¼´³ä·Ö¾ÍҵʱÈÔ´æÔÚµÄʧҵˮƽ¡£
8¡¢ÀëÖ°ÂÊ£¨rate of jobseparations£©£ºÃ¿¸öÔÂʧȥ»òÀ뿪×Ô¼º·òÈ˹¤×÷µÄ¾ÍÒµÕߵıÈÀý¡£
9¡¢ÈëÖ°ÂÊ£¨rate of jobfinding£©£ºÃ¿¸öÔÂÕÒµ½¹¤×÷µÄʧҵÕߵıÈÀý¡£
10¡¢Ä¦²ÁÐÔʧҵ£¨frictionalunemployment£©£ºÓÉÓÚ¹¤ÈËÑ°ÕÒÒ»·Ý¹¤×÷ÐèҪʱ¼ä¶øÒýÆðµÄʧҵ¡£
11¡¢Ð§Âʹ¤×ÊÀíÂÛ£¨Efficiencywage theory£©¸ß¹¤×Êʹ¹¤È˵ÄÉú²úÂʸü¸ß£¬¾¡¹Ü´æÔÚ³¬¶îÀͶ¯¹©¸ø£¬ÆóÒµÒ²²»ÄÜÏ÷¼õ¹¤×Ê¡£¸ß¹¤×ÊÄÜÔöÇ¿¹¤ÈËÌåÖÊ£¬¼õÉÙÀͶ¯Á¦µÄ¸üÌ棬¼õÉÙÄæÏòÑ¡ÔñºÍ±ÜÃâµÀµÂ·çÏÕ¡££¨Eg£º¸£Ìع«Ë¾5ÃÀÔªÈÕ¹¤×ʸßÓÚ2~3µÄÆäËû£¬È±ÇÚÂʼõÉÙ75%£¬ÀͶ¯³É±¾Ã¿Ì춼ÔÚ´ó·ùϽµ£©
12¡¢ÊÕÖ§ÏàµÖµÄͶ×Ê£¨break-eveninvestment£©£¬¼´£¨¦Ä+n£©k£¬±£³ÖÈ˾ù×ʱ¾Á¿²»±äËùÐèÒªµÄͶ×ÊÁ¿¡£
13¡¢¾ø¶ÔÇ÷ͬ£¨absoluteconverge£©ÔÚ´¢ÐîÂÊ¡¢ÈË¿ÚÔö³¤µÈ·½ÃæÌõ¼þÒ»ÑùµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Æ¶Çî¹úÓ븻¹ú»áÇ÷ÓÚͬһ¸öÎÈ̬¡£
14¡¢Ïà¶ÔÇ÷ͬ£¨conditionalconvergence£©Ã¿Ò»¸ö¹ú¼Ò¶¼»á¸ù¾Ý×Ô¼ºµÄ´¢ÐîÂÊ¡¢ÈË¿ÚÔö³¤µÈ·½ÃæµÄÇé¿öÇ÷ÏòÓÚ¸÷×ÔµÄÎÈ̬¡£