英国《经济学人》：中国入世十年启示（转载）-经管之家官网！

Ten years of China in the WTO
中国入世十年
Shades of grey
灰色阴霾
It was right to let China in. Now the world’s biggest trader needs to grow up
给中国入世发绿卡是正确的，现在世界贸易一哥需要长大了（意指中国稚嫩）。
CHINA’S efforts to join the World Trade Organisation (WTO) dragged on for 15 years, long enough to “turn black hair white”, as Zhu Rongji, China’s former prime minister, put it. (His own hair remained Politburo-black throughout.) Even after membership was granted, ten years ago this week, Mr Zhu expected many “headaches”, including the loss of customs duties and the distress of farmers exposed to foreign competition.
为了能进入世界贸易组织，中国努力了15个年头，足以让中国的前任总理朱镕基“从黑头人变白头人”（纵使他的头发保持着GCD员式的黑泽），即使WTO会员身份被落实了，但十年前的今天，朱先生也面临着许多“头疼难题”，包括丧失了许多关税还有日趋激烈的外来竞争引起的三农问题。
Yet the bet paid off for China. It has blossomed into the world’s greatest exporter and second-biggest importer. The marriage of foreign know-how, Chinese labour and the open, global market has succeeded beyond anyone’s predictions.
但这场赌博赢家始终是中国，它已经发展成为了世界第一出口国和第二进口国。外国先进技术、中国的劳动力和开放的全球市场使中国的成功超乎所有人的预料。
It is instead China’s trading partners who now contemplate its WTO membership with furrowed brows (see article). They have a variety of complaints: that China exports too much, swamping their markets with cheap manufactured goods, subsidised by an undervalued currency; that it hoards essential inputs, such as rare earths, for its own firms; and that it still skews its own market against foreign companies, in some cases by being slow to implement WTO rules (notably on piracy), in others by suddenly imposing unwritten rules that are unfavourable or unknowable to foreigners. The meddling state lets multinationals in, only to squeeze them dry of their valuable technologies and then push them out.
这反倒让许多中国入世后所取代的贸易伙伴国火烧眼眉，它们有各种各样的抱怨：中国出口的商品过多，廉价商品充斥着它们（伙伴国）的市场，还被低估的货币资助，然后他们（中国）积聚最核心的投入，例如稀有的土地，以供他们的企业所用。扭曲他们（伙伴国）的市场去对抗其他外国企业。有时候对世贸某些条款（尤其是关于版权的）嗤之以鼻，有时却突然执行某些未被落实的世贸条款，即对外国人是陌生的或者是不利的。这种变相干预国家的行为榨干了许多跨国公司的价值，然后把他们踢走。
Much of this criticism is right. China made heroic reforms in the years around its WTO entry. That raised expectations that it has conspicuously failed to meet. It signed up for multilateral rules, but neglected the rule of law at home. Free trade did not bring wider freedoms, and even the trade was not exactly free. It is in China’s interest to liberalise its exchange rate further, to prevent local officials from discriminating against foreigners and above all to do far more to support the global trading system. The WTO is undermined when any member flouts the rules, never mind one as big as China.
这样的批评许多都是对的，中国在入世的几年间实行了史诗般的变革，然而明显的期望过高，最终无法达到预期效果。中国签署了许多多国贸易条例，但在自家却完全无视这些条例。自由贸易并没有给他们带来更宽广的自由空间，这样的贸易是甚至不自由的。中国为了自身利益去才去进一步使汇率自由化，为了保护本土企业不受到外来企业排斥，给予本土企业的甜头远多于外来企业，就这样地去支持全球贸易系统。当任何成员国蔑视世贸条款时候，世贸组织就会被暗地里破坏，不管他是否与中国一样巨大。
Too big to be a bystander—or to be kept out
过于庞大而不能作为旁观者，过于庞大因而要被踢出局？