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印染废水处理
摘要 我国是纺织印染的第一大国，纺织印染行业又是工业废水排放的大户，实现印染行业的可持续发展显得十分必要，所以做一个印染废水的处理设计相当值得。通过阅读中外文献、查找资料等发现印染废水的量大，色度高，成分复杂，废水中含有染料、浆料、助剂、纤维杂质及无机盐等，较难处理。本设计中的废水COD高，可生化性差，存在大分子有机物，所以设计“厌氧水解---好氧生化”为主体的目前较为成熟的生化处理工艺。通过厌氧水解酸化降解为易生物降解的小分子物质保证好氧条件下的有机物降解再通过采用延时曝气法的氧化沟去除BOD、COD、除磷脱氮，提高对水质变化冲击负荷的适应性，再污泥回流以利于厌氧消化等一系列的处理措施使废水达到规定的排放标准，完成设计的目的。 关键词：纺织印染；特性；厌氧水解---好氧生 Protect on the Printing and Dyeing Wastewater Treatment Abstract： Our country is the biggest country in the textile, printing and dyeing, and is also a major country of the industrial wastewater discharge in the textile, printing and dyeing industry. Printing and dyeing industry to achieve sustainable development are very necessary, do a printing and dyeing wastewater treatment design worth it. By reading foreign literature, the investigation found information printing and dyeing wastewater capacity, high color, complex, wastewater containing dyes, pulp, chemicals, fibers and inorganic impurities, difficult. The design of the Health COD, poor biodegradability, there is organic macromolecules, So design "Anaerobic-aerobic biochemical" as the mainstay of the current more mature biological treatment process. Acid hydrolysis through anaerobic degradation of biological degradability of small molecules under aerobic conditions to ensure the further degradation of organic matter through the use of Aeration delay the oxidation ditch method to remove BOD, COD, nitrogen and phosphorus removal, improve water quality impact of changes in load adaptability. then return to facilitate the anaerobic sludge digestion series of measures to deal with the wastewater reaches the prescribed emission standards completion of the design objectives. Keywords ：Printing and Dyeing Characteristics Anaerobic-aerobic biochemica 目 录 第一章 概述1 1.引言1 2. 印染废水来源、水质与水量1 2.1 来源1 3.印染废水的特点和危害1 3.1 废水的特点1 3.2 废水的危害2 第二章 文献综述2 1印染废水处理方法2 2.印染废水处理的物理法--吸附法2 3.印染废水的化学处理法3 3. 1 混凝法3 3. 2 氧化法3 3. 3 电解法3 4.印染废水的生物处理法3 4.1 厌氧-好氧-生物炭接触氧化工艺4 4.2 厌氧--好氧生物转盘4 5.废水处理工艺与效果4 5.1 处理工艺一4 5.2 处理工艺二5 5.3 处理工艺三6 5.4 处理工艺四8 6.结论及存在问题9 第三章 总体设计9 1. 污水厂设计规模9 2. 进出水水质9 3. 处理程度计算10 4. 处理工艺确定10 4.1 设计原则10 4.2 初定方案10 4.3 方案工艺介绍11 第四章 详细计算12 1. 格栅13 1.1 设计计算13 2. 调节池15 2.1 调节池有效容积15 2.2 调节池尺寸15 3. 反应池16 3.1 混合设计16 3.2 反应池设计要点17 3.3 设计计算17 4. 斜板沉淀池19 4.1 设计参数19 4.2 设计计算20 5. 水解酸化池22 5.1 参数设计22 5.2 设计计算23 6. 氧化沟24 6.1 设计参数24 6.2 平面尺寸计算25 6.3 设计参数校核26 6.4 需氧量计算27 7. 二沉池28 7.1 设计参数28 7.2 设计计算28 8. 消毒池31 8.1 设计计算31 9．污泥浓缩池34 9.1 浓缩池污泥量34 9.2 设计计算34 10. 污泥脱水机房37 10.1 脱水污泥量计算37 11、污水处理厂平面布置38 12 高程计算38 附录39 致 谢40 参考文献41
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年产500吨还原蓝RSN生产工艺设计
目 录 中文摘要I 英文摘要II 目录III 1. 前言1 1.1 还原染料的发展概况1 1.2 还原蓝RSN的概论2 1.3 工艺原理及工艺流程4 1.4 设计内容8 2. 物料衡算9 2.1 物料衡算的意义和原理9 3. 热量衡算14 3.1 热量衡算的意义14 3.3热量计算15 4. 反应釜的设计19 4.1 釜体的设计19 4.2 反应釜搅拌装置23 4.3 传动装置设计25 4.4 其他装置设计26 5. 车间布置设计29 5.1 设备布置原则29 5.2 设备布置设计的步骤31 结 论33 致 谢34 参考文献35 摘 要：还原蓝RSN是一种还原染料，本文通过对几种生产还原蓝RSN的典型工艺进行比较而选择用以2-氨基蒽醌为原料，经过碱熔闭环，精制，氧化的方法。两分子2-氨基蒽醌、氢氧化钾和氢氧化钠的混合碱中在助熔剂醋酸钠下反应。该方法比较成熟，条件温和，得到的产品及颜色较纯正,可以很好的满足染色要求。本设计是一个年产500吨还原蓝RSN的生产车间，进行了物料衡算、热量衡算、釜体、车间布置等进行研究。反应周期为每批24小时，每天1批，通过设计，确定为5立方米的反应釜，包括反应釜个部分尺寸、搅动传动装置、附件及车间布置等方面的设计，并画出了生产工艺的反应流程简图、车间布置图和反应釜体装配图。 关键词：还原染料；还原蓝RSN；生产工艺 With an Annual Production Capacity of 500 Tons of Vat Blue RSN Production Process Design Abstract: Vat Blue RSN is a vat dye, in this article, the production of several typical Vat Blue RSN compare and select technology for 2-amino-anthraquinone as the raw material, after the closed-loop alkali fusion, refining, oxidation method. Two molecules of 2-amino-anthraquinone, potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide in the mixed-alkali sodium acetate in the reaction flux. This method is more mature, mild conditions, the products and colors to be more pure, can be dyed to meet the requirements of good. The design is an annual production capacity of 500tons of Vat Blue RSN production workshop, a material balance, heat balance, autoclave body, workshop layout, such as research. Reaction cycle for each 24-hour a day, a grant, through the design, identified as 5 cubic meters of the reactor, including parts of reactor size, stirring gear, accessories and workshop layout design, etc., and draw the production Process flow diagram of the reaction, workshop layout and assembly drawings reactor body. Keywords：Vat dyes; Vat Blue RSN; Production Process
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一枝黄花杀虫活性提取工艺研究
目 录 中文摘要.............................................................I 英文摘要............................................................II 目录...............................................................III 1．绪论 .............................................................1 1.1一枝黄花的化学成分..............................................1 1.2一枝黄花主要生物活性物质.. .....................................4 1.3植物源农药研究进展..............................................6 1.4一枝黄花作为新型杀虫剂植物药源的研究..........................9 1.5主要任务与目标 ................................................9 2．实验部分 .......................................................10 2.1一枝黄花的不同生长部位水浸提提取物杀虫活性的测试情况 .........10 2.2不同提取方法得到的提取物杀虫活性的测试情况 ................12 3．结果与讨论......................................................14 3.1一枝黄花不同生长部位提取物对虫的测试结果分析.................14 3.2不同提取方法得到的提取物杀虫活性的测试结果分析...............16 3.3结果与讨论...................................................18 4．前景展望 ......................................................19 4.1间接开发利用..................................................19 4.2植物源农药资源途径的创新......................................20 4.3植物源农药研究开发展望........................................20 致谢 .............................................................22 参考文献 ........................................................23 摘要：本文先采用水溶液回流方法对一枝黄花的不同生长部位进行提取，结果显示：茎的提取液对虫基本无效，叶的提取液杀虫效果明显。然后用不同的提取方法对一枝黄花的叶子部分进行提取。结果显示:甲醇超声提取液的杀虫活性最好，乙醇浸提法所得提取液次之，水回流提取液最弱。超声波提取是近年来广泛采用的一种新型提取技术。它是采用超声波辅助溶剂进行提取，声波产生高速、强烈的空化效应和搅拌作用，破坏植物细胞，使溶剂渗透到植物细胞中，缩短提取时间，提高提取率。超声波独具的物理特性能促使植物细胞组织破壁或变形，使有效成分提取更充分，提取率比传统工艺显著提高达50—500%。超声波提取通常在24—40分钟即可获得最佳提取率，提取时间较传统方法大大缩短2/3以上，提取的最佳温度在40—60℃，对遇热不稳定、易水解或氧化的植物中有效成分具有保护作用，同时大大节约能耗。超声提取不受成分极性、分子量大小的限制，适用于绝大多数种类中药材和各类成分的提取。 关键词：一枝黄花；超声提取；乙醇浸提；杀虫活性； Study of extraction insecticidal activity in Solidago Abstract: This article first reflux method using aqueous solutions of different growth parts of a flower was extracted to study the root of a flower, stem and leaf extract of the insecticide. The results showed that: the stem extract of the ineffectiveness of insects and leaf extract significantly insecticidal effect. And then use a different extraction methods on the leaves of a flower to extract. The results showed that: Activity of methanol extract of the best ultrasound, ethanol extraction followed by extract obtained. Ultrasonic extraction is widely used in recent years, a new extraction technology. It is the use of ultrasound assisted solvent extraction, sound waves produce high-speed, strong role of cavitation effects and mixing, destruction of plant cells to solvent penetration into plant cells, reduce the extraction time, increase the extraction rate. Unique physical properties of ultrasound can promote plant cell and tissue broken or deformed, so that active ingredients from more fully, the extraction rate was significantly increased compared with the traditional craft up to 50-500%. Extraction is usually 24-40 minutes to get the best extraction rate and extraction time than traditional methods greatly reduce the 2 / 3, the best extraction temperature of 40-60 ℃, on the case of thermal instability, easy hydrolysis or oxidation active ingredients in plants has a protective effect, and greatly reduce energy consumption. Ultrasonic extraction of polar components from the molecular weight size restrictions apply to most types of Chinese herbal medicines and various components of the extract. Keywords: Solidago; Ultrasonic extraction; ethanol extraction; insecticidal activity;
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水-二甲亚砜及醋酸-二甲亚砜体系等压汽液平衡数据测定
目录 中文摘要．Ⅰ 英文摘要．Ⅱ 目录．Ⅲ 1.绪论．1 1.1 二甲亚砜和醋酸的性质．1 1.2 汽液平衡数据计算方法．1 1.3 蚁群算法的原理．4 1.4 本课题研究的目的及意义．5 2.实验部分．8 2.1 实验试剂．8 2.2 实验器材．8 2.3 实验装置．9 2.4 分析方法9 2.5 校核体系9 2.6 实验数据采集10 3.实验数据处理及讨论13 3.1 二甲亚砜-水体系实验数据处理及讨论．13 3.2 醋酸－二甲亚砜体系实验数据处理及讨论．15 3.3 水-醋酸体系实验数据处理及讨论．16 4.程序编写17 4.1 各方程参数回归程序．17 4.2 蚁群算法程序21 5.总结与展望26 致谢．27 参考文献．28 摘 要:汽液平衡数据是重要的化工基础数据，文中用改进的Rose釜测定101.33kPa水-二甲亚砜及醋酸-二甲亚砜体系的汽液平衡数据, 用气相色谱分析平衡组成，并进行了热力学一致性验证。 另外，汽液平衡活度系数模型多为非线性模型，参数回归难度大。过去用Fortran、C、BASIC语言编写程序，但程序繁琐且易出错。近年，功能强大的MATLAB语言开始在工程计算中应用，MATLAB语言编程容易，代码短小高效，作者首次采用MATLAB语言编写Van Laar、Wilson 、NRTL和6次多项式的模型参数回归程序。其次，蚁群算法是一种新兴的智能算法，文中对该算法拟合活度系数模型参数，也做了一些摸索工作。 结果表明，气相色谱分析准确,所得数据可为二甲亚砜回收提纯及醋酸萃取精馏工艺开发与设计提供依据；MATLAB程序简单可靠， 还能给出直观的拟合图。 关键词：醋酸；二甲亚砜；蚁群算法；MATLAB；汽液平衡 Isobaric Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium for System of Water+Dimethyl sulfoxide and Acetic acid+Dimethyl sulfoxide Abstract: Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium（VLE）data is an important foundation for the chemical data, In article, the phase composition of isobaric VLE data for water + dimethyl sulfoxide and acetic acid + dimethyl sulfoxide system was measured at 101.33kPa by using an improved Rose still, and the thermodynamic consistency of the experimental VLE data was satisfactory. Moreover, most of the activity coefficient model of VLE is the misalignment model, and the regression of parameter is very difficult. In the past, with Fortran, C and BASIC language programming, but the procedure is cumbersome and error-prone. Recent years, the powerful capabilities of MATLAB language started to apply in the calculation of engineering, MATLAB programming easy, also the code is short and highly effective. Author used the MATLAB language to compile the model parameter regression procedures of Van Laar, Wilson, NRTL and 6 polynomials for the first time. Secondly, the ant algorithm is a new and intelligent algorithm. In article, fitting parameters model of activity coefficient used by this algorithm, also done some exploration work. The results showed that the analysis of gas chromatography was more precise, the data could provide a basal data for the dimethyl sulfoxide’s purification, as well as for the design of the acetic acid’s extraction and rectification. MATLAB program is simple and reliable, but also can produce the fitting chart directly. Key words: acetic acid；dimethyl sulfoxide（DMSO）；ant algorithm；MATLAB; VLE
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稀土金属有机化合物研究
摘 要 一个新的稀土金属有机开放骨架结构化合物，{Ho2(BDOA)3(H2O)2}n是用水热的方法合成了，并用X-射线单晶衍射测定了结构。该化合物属于三斜晶系P1空间群，晶胞参数为：a=0.60912(12)nm, b=1.0636(2)nm, c=1.3477(3)nm, α=96.66(3), β=96.574(1)°, γ=97.64(3), V=0.789.3(3)nm3, Z=1, Dc= 3.938mg/m3, R1=0.0471, R2=0.0524，残峰最大和最小值分别为2955和-1721e/nm3。Ho被BDOA连接形成3D开放骨架结构。 关键词：稀土，配位，结构 Rare Earth - organic compounds of the metal skeleton of open Abstract A new open framework of rare earth organic compounds, {Ho2(BDOA)3(H2O)2}n, is hydrothermally synthesized and structurally determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The compound belongs to triclinic space group P1, cell parameters: a=0.60912(12)nm, b=1.0636(2)nm, c=1.3477(3)nm, α=96.66(3), β=96.574(1)°, γ=97.64(3), V=0.789.3(3)nm3, Z=1, Dc= 3.938mg/m3, R1=0.0471, R2=0.0524, the minimum and maximum residual peak for 2955 And -1721 e/nm3. The Ho is bridged by BDOA, leading to 3D openframework. Key words: rare earth, coordination, structure 目 录 1. 文献综述4 1.1有机金属化合物的概述4 1.2有机金属化合物的合成5 1.2.1 原料的选择 5 1.2.2 有机金属化合物的合成方法6 1.2.3 主要影响因素6 1.2.4 有机金属化合物的合成设计7 1.3 有机金属化合物的应用8 1.3.1 催化作用9 1.3.2 气体存储9 1.3.3 气体分离9 1.3.4非传统领域内的应用10 1.4 稀土金属有机化合物10 1.4.1稀土元素的结构和性质11 1.4.2 影响微孔稀土金属有机开放骨架化合物形成的主要因素12 1.5 本课题的选题依据及主要研究内容13 1.5.1 本课题选题的现实及理论意义13 1.5.2 主要研究内容及关键问题14 1.5.3 具体的试验方法14 1.6 有机金属化合物的研究现状15 2. 实验部分21 2.1实验材料与仪器21 2.1.1实验材料21 2.1.2实验仪器21 2.2实验方法21 2.3 实验结果与讨论21 3.结论31 致 谢33 参考文献34
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几种固体酸的制备及性能与表征
目 录 中文摘要I 英文摘要II 目录III 1 绪论1 1.1 前言1 1.2 乙酰丙酸2 1.3 固体酸催化剂5 1.4 本文研究的内容9 2 实验部分11 2.1 实验试剂与仪器11 2.2 固体超强酸的制备12 2.3 固体超强酸的氮吸附比表面(BET)测定14 2.4 固体超强酸的红外光谱测定15 2.5 蔗糖水解反应15 2.6 反应产物分析15 3 结果与讨论16 3.1 固体超强酸的氮吸附比表面(BET)测定16 3.2 几种固体超强酸的IR图分析18 3.3 几种固体超强酸的活性21 4 总结与展望26 4.1 总结26 4.2 展望26 致谢 28 参考文献 29 摘 要：本文通过沉淀-浸渍法，溶胶-凝胶法，制备了一系列S2O82-/ZrO2-SiO2，S2O82-/TiO2，S2O82-/TiO2/La3+稀土型固体超强酸催化剂。采用比表面仪以及红外光谱对固体酸的结构和比表面进行表征。结果表明S2O82-/ZrO2-SiO2型固体酸的比表面积在这三种催化剂中最大。另外，逐一考察其对蔗糖催化水解生成乙酰丙酸反应的活性。可以发现S2O82-/TiO2型固体酸在水解催化蔗糖反应中是一类良好的固体酸催化剂。当 S2O82-/TiO2型固体酸作为催化剂催化水解蔗糖时，目的产物乙酰丙酸的收率最高。实验结果显示：当焙烧温度为700℃，焙烧时间为3h时，所制备的S2O82-/TiO2催化剂催化水解蔗糖，LA的收率是最高的，收率可以达到40%多。 对于蔗糖催化水解生成乙酰丙酸的反应体系，选择出S2O82-/TiO2型固体酸为一种活性较高的固体酸催化剂，为进一步的研究提供了基础性数据。 关键词： 乙酰丙酸；蔗糖；固体酸；表征；活性 The Preparation ，Properties and Characterization of Solid Acid Abstract:A series of S2O82-/ZrO2-SiO2, S2O82-/TiO2 and S2O82-/TiO2/La3+ rare earth super solid acid catalysts were prepared by the method of precipitation-impregnation and sol-gel. Solid super acid catalysts were characterized by means of IR and BET. The result indicate that S2O82-/TiO2 catalyst’s BET is the biggest. The catalysts were studied in hydrolysis of sucrose soluions reaction respectively. The S2O82-/TiO2 solid acid catalysts are favorable solid acid catalysts in hydrolysis of sucrose solutions reaction. Of the three catalysts tested, the S2O82-/TiO2 solid acid catalysts off the highest, The result indicate that: when the rosting temperature is 700℃, the roasting time is 3h, the yield of LA can reach 40%. Consequently,for the hydrolysis of sucrose soluions reaction reaction system, S2O82-/TiO2 solid acid catalysts is hopefully to be used as candidate of the hydrolysis reaction catalyst. Further more, this paper offers basic dadt for a further study. Keywords：Levulinic acid; sucrose soluion; Solid acid; Characterization;Activity
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含硫多催化中心手性配体的合成
目 录 中文摘要I 英文摘要II 目录III 1. 绪论1 1.1 手性氨基醇的制备方法及进展3 1.2 氨基醇配体催化不对称合成反应研究进展3 1.3 研究现状8 2. 实验部分9 2.1 仪器9 2.2 试剂9 2.3 薄层板制备9 2.4 合成路线9 2.5 手性方酰胺基醇配体的合成11 3. 结果与讨论13 4. 总结与展望17 致谢18 参考文献19 附录 各化合物红外谱图21 摘 要：不对称合成研究具有重要的理论意义和广阔的应用前景。其中不对称氢化催化尤为重要。手性氨基醇具有光学活性，在不对称合成和药物中间体两方面具有广泛的用途。方酸具有稳定的四环结构，3,4-位羟基可以被多种亲核基团取代得到多种方酸衍生物。含硫手性方酰氨基醇配体就结合了方酸和氨基醇各自的优点。方酸与正丁醇反应得到方酸二丁酯，继而与(1S,2R)-(+)或(1R,2S)-(-)-2-氨基-1,2-二苯基乙醇反应得单手性中心的方酰氨基醇配体。纯化，然后与NaHS溶液反应，上巯基，得到含硫单手性中心方酰氨基醇配体。最后在K2CO3和丙酮存在下含硫氨基醇配体与间三苄溴在40℃条件下反应2h得到目标产物含硫多催化中心手性配体。 关键词：不对称合成；不对称催化；手性氨基醇；方酸；间三苄溴；含硫手性配体 Catalytic center of many chiral sulfur ligands Abstract: Asymmetric synthesis of important theoretical significance and potential applications. Catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of which is particularly important. Chiral amino alcohols in asymmetric synthesis of optically active pharmaceutical intermediates and two broad purposes. Ring side acid has a stable structure, in which 3,4-hydroxyl groups can be replaced by a variety of pro-nuclear grou. Chiral sulfur ligands square acylamino alcohol side on a combination of amino acids and alcohols advantages.The reaction of squaric acid and n-butyl is into dibutyl of squaric acid, then with (1S,2R)-(+) or (1R,2S)-(-)-2-amino-1,2-diphenyl ethanol by the reaction of a single chiral center side acylamino alcohol ligand. Purified, and then with NaHS solution reaction, on the sulfhydryl groups are sulfur-hand side of center acylamino alcohol ligand. Finally, in the presence of K2CO3 and acetone, sulfur amino alcohol ligand and between the three benzyl bromide under the conditions of reaction at 40℃,2h sulfur product was obtained catalytic center of many chiral ligands. Keywords: Asymmetric synthesis; Asymmetric catalysis; Chiral amino alcohol; Squaric acid; Between the three benzyl bromide; Sulfur chiral ligand
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动力学数据的经验建模与比较
目 录 中文摘要I 英文摘要Ⅱ 目 录III 1． 绪论1 1.1 动力学数据处理的应用背景与意义1 1.2 动力学数据处理的发展和研究现状2 1.3 动力学数据处理基本思想2 1.4 常用动力学数据处理方法2 2． 热分析法6 2.1 常用热分析法6 2.2 小结8 3． 微分法和积分法9 3.1 常用微分法和积分法9 3.2 小结10 4． 人工神经网络11 4.1 神经网络建模方法思想概述11 4.2 神经元17 4.3 互连模式18 4.4 学习规则19 4.5 神经网络的建模方法21 4.6 小结22 5． 回归分析23 5.1 多元线性回归（MLR）23 5.2 小结24 6． 实例论证和结果讨论25 6.1 实例论证25 6.2 结果讨论28 7． 总结与展望30 7.1 总结30 7.2 展望30 致谢31 参考文献32 摘要：动力学参数求解是动力学数据处理问题的主要内容和关键技术。本文介绍了热分析法，微积分法，回归分析，人工神经网络方法通过求解动力学参数，最终达成动力学模型的经验建模和比较。最后选用人工神经网络建模方法和回归分析建模方法，以醋酸乙酯的皂化反应的动力学数据为试验对象，用MATLAB编程计算结果。通过对实验数据结果的对比分析，可以得知人工神经网络在减少结果误差，提高分析结果准确度方面显示出了很好的优势。 关键词：动力学数据；参数估计；人工神经网络；回归分析；经验建模 Experiential Modeling and Comparison of Kinetics Data Abstract：Parameters Solution of Kinetic is the main contents and key technologies of the problem of Kinetics data process. This paper introduces thermal Analysis, infinitesimal calculus method, regression analysis as well as artificial neural network and then achieves the objective of Kinetics data empirical modeling and comparison by solving parameter. Finally, with artificial neural network and regression analysis selected and Kinetics data of Saponification Reaction of ethyl acetate, results were calculated based on MATLAB programming. Through comparison analysis of the results of experimental data, it is believed that artificial neural network has shown the remarkable superiority at the aspects of reducing result error and improving the accuracy of the results of the analysis. Keywords: Kinetic data;Parameter estimation;Artificial neural networks; Regression analysis; The experience of modeling
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6000t/a聚氯乙烯乙炔工段初步工艺设计
前 言 聚氯乙烯（PVC）是由氯乙烯单体（VC）均聚或与其他多种单体共聚而制得的合成树脂，聚氯乙烯再配以增塑剂、稳定剂、高分子改性剂、填料、偶联剂和加工助剂，经过提炼、塑化、成型加工成各种材料。 当前，PVC生产面临着严重的挑战。比如：生态环境的保护，潜在替代品的市场竞争，资源的进一步优化配置，能量的合理充分利用，生产过程的优化和高效率化，生产和使用效率的提高，应用技术和市场开拓等，都在不同程度上影响着PVC的进一步发展，在上述问题上仍有大量工作要做，对生态环境安全的配套助剂，环境保护技术（包括PVC废弃物的回收，再利用和处理）等方面，更需要花大力气加以研究。 本设计是以电石为原料，对年产能力为6000吨的PVC乙炔工段的初步设计，以株化集团PVC厂为理论资料，并收集有关的化工设计资料作参考，按毕业设计大纲和设计任务书的要求进行设计。 本设计的内容是在简要介绍乙炔性质及用途，在工艺方法选择的基础上，重点介绍了湿法电石生产乙炔的工艺过程。PVC产量为年产量6000吨，设计的主要内容有：1.乙炔及电石的性质、2.生产方案的比较与选择、3.物料衡算与热量衡算、4.主要设备的计算与选型、5.主要管道的计算及泵的选择、6.厂房布置、7.安全技术、8环境保护。设计图纸包括：1张带控制点的物料流程图；1张主要设备图；1张厂房平面布置图。 本次设计力求以理论为基础，贴近实际为目标，争取让设计更合理。但由于本人知识水平有限，设计经验不足，加上时间有限，资料收集不全面等因素，设计中难免有疏漏甚至错误，敬请老师批评指正。 目 录 中英文摘要 ………………………………………………………………………………………1 前言 ………………………………………………………………………………………………2 1 绪论 ……………………………………………………………………………………………3 1.1产品名称及性质…………………………………………………………………3 1.2产品特性……………………………………………………………………………3 1.2.1物理性质 ……………………………………………………………………………3 1.2.2化学性质 ………………………………………………………………………………8 1.3 原料特性…………………………………………………………………………………8 1.3.1电石 ……………………………………………………………………………………8 1.3.2液氯……………………………………………………………………………………12 1.4 产品的主要用途……………………………………………………………………13 1.4.1化学工业………………………………………………………………………………13 1.4.2金属加工业……………………………………………………………………………13 1.4.3其它工业………………………………………………………………………………13 1.5 产品的包装、贮运方法 ………………………………………………………………13 1.5.1包装……………………………………………………………………………………13 1.5.2输送……………………………………………………………………………………13 1.5.3储存……………………………………………………………………………………13 2 工艺方案选择与流程…………………………………………………………………………14 2.1工艺方案的选择 ………………………………………………………………………14 2.1.1湿法乙炔发生…………………………………………………………………………14 2.1.2干法乙炔发生…………………………………………………………………………14 2.1.3湿法和干法乙炔发生的比较…………………………………………………………14 2.2湿法乙炔生产原理及工艺流程…………………………………………………………15 2.2.1乙炔发生………………………………………………………………………………15 2.2.2乙炔气的压缩…………………………………………………………………………17 2.2.3乙炔清净………………………………………………………………………………17 2.2.4生产流程说明…………………………………………………………………………18 2.2.5湿法乙炔生产工艺流程简图…………………………………………………………20 3 生产工艺计算 ………………………………………………………………………………20 3.1生产数据…………………………………………………………………………………20 3.1.1生产规模………………………………………………………………………………20 3.1.2生产时间………………………………………………………………………………20 3.1.3相关控制指标…………………………………………………………………………20 3.2工艺计算…………………………………………………………………………………22 3.2.1物料衡算 3.2.2热量衡算………………………………………………………………………………29 4 主要设备的选型及计算 ……………………………………………………………………31 4.1中和塔设计………………………………………………………………………………31 4.1.1计算塔径……………………………………………………………………………32 4.1.2计算填料层的压降…………………………………………………………………33 4.1.3计算气相传质单元数………………………………………………………………33 4.1.4求气相总传质单元高度……………………………………………………………34 4.1.5填料层高度…………………………………………………………………………34 4.1.6持液量计算…………………………………………………………………………34 4.1.7支承板选择…………………………………………………………………………35 4.1.8液体分布器（莲蓬式喷洒器）……………………………………………………35 4.1.9中和塔数据一览表…………………………………………………………………36 4.2其他设备选型……………………………………………………………………………36 4.2.1发生器………………………………………………………………………………36 4.2.2混合式冷却塔………………………………………………………………………36 4.2.3清净塔………………………………………………………………………………39 4.2.4冷凝器………………………………………………………………………………42 4.2.5气液分离器…………………………………………………………………………43 4.2.6NaClO贮槽的设计…………………………………………………………………43 4.2.7废NaClO贮槽的设计………………………………………………………………43 4.2.8废NaOH贮槽的设计………………………………………………………………43 4.2.9废水贮槽的设计……………………………………………………………………44 4.2.10NaClO高位槽的设计………………………………………………………………44 4.2.11浓碱高位槽的设计…………………………………………………………………44 4.2.12稀碱高位槽的设计 ………………………………………………………………44 4.2.13NaOH贮槽的设计…………………………………………………………………45 4.2.14水环压缩机的选型 ………………………………………………………………45 4.2.15乙炔气柜的设计 …………………………………………………………………45 4.2.16缓冲器的设计 ……………………………………………………………………45 4.2.17水封 ………………………………………………………………………………45 4.2.18乙炔工段设备一览表 ……………………………………………………………46 5 工艺管道的计算及泵的选择 ………………………………………………………………46 5.1碱循环泵的选型：………………………………………………………………………46 5.2NaClO循环泵的选型……………………………………………………………………47 5.3清净泵的选型……………………………………………………………………………47 5.4废水回收泵的选型……………………………………………………………………47 5.5水洗泵的选型…………………………………………………………………………47 5.6主物料管的计算与选型………………………………………………………………48 5.7 NaClO进料管的计算与选型…………………………………………………………48 5.8NaOH进料管的计算与选型 …………………………………………………………48 5.9发生器水进料管的计算与选型………………………………………………………49 5.10废NaOH出料管的计算与选型 ……………………………………………………49 5.11废 NaClO出料管的计算与选型……………………………………………………49 5.12 管道及泵型号汇总表………………………………………………………………49 6 厂址选择及车间布置………………………………………………………………………50 6.1厂址选择的依据及原则………………………………………………………………50 6.2 车间布置要考虑的问题………………………………………………………………51 6.3 厂房布置………………………………………………………………………………51 6.3.1 厂房平面布置 ……………………………………………………………………51 6.3.2 设备布置的安全距离 ……………………………………………………………51 6.4 车间内辅助室和生活室布置…………………………………………………………51 7 安全防火设计 ………………………………………………………………………………52 7.1 综合安全防护 …………………………………………………………………………52 7.2 防毒 ……………………………………………………………………………………54 7.3中毒后应采取急救措施，有以下四个要领 …………………………………………54 7.4安全防护:………………………………………………………………………………54 7.5乙炔工段防火安全管理要求 …………………………………………………………55 8 环境保护 ……………………………………………………………………………………55 8.1 废渣的治理 ……………………………………………………………………………55 8.2废水处理 ………………………………………………………………………………55 8.3废气治理 ………………………………………………………………………………55 参考文献 ………………………………………………………………………………………56 结束语 …………………………………………………………………………………………57 摘 要：本设计为年产6000吨聚氯乙烯乙炔工段的初步工艺设计，整个设计文件由设计说明书和设计图纸两部分组成。在设计说明书中，简单介绍了乙炔的性质和主要用途，也介绍了目前由电石生产乙炔的两种常见的生产方法——湿法乙炔和干法乙炔，并进行了比较，最后确定以湿法乙炔作为本设计的工艺生产方法。在设计过程中，根据设计任务书的要求，进行了较为详细的物料衡算和能量衡算，并对设备进行了工艺计算和选型，同时对整个聚氯乙烯生产过程中的安全注意事项及“三废”治理作了相关说明。绘制了相应的设计图纸，设计图纸包括乙炔生产工艺流程图、主要设备图的装配图、设备的平面布置图。 关键词：聚氯乙烯；乙炔；电石；生产工艺； Primary for the Manufacturing Process for the acetylene Workshop Section of polyvinyl chloride 6,000 ton per year Abstract: Design that the first step process design , entire design document for annual output of 6,000 tons of acetylene working procedure are composed of two parts designing specifications and design drawing sheet originally. Produce current situation, properties and main use having introduced acetylene in the middle designing specifications, the handicraft production method having also introduced that at present, two kinds common industry polymerization production method to produce acetylene, the wet process and the dried process having carried out comparison , ascertaining that finally with the wet process . In the design process, in accordance with the requirements of the mission design, a more detailed material balance and energy balance, and equipment for the calculation and selection process, the entire production of PVC in the process of attention to safety Issues and the "three wastes" Management made a note. Drawing the corresponding design drawings, design drawings, including acetylene production process map, the map of major equipment assembly, and the equipment layout plans. Keyword: polyvinyl chloride; acetylene; calcium carbide ; Productive technology
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羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶在应用药物管制
摘要 以戊二醛为交联剂制备了一系列羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶。重点研究水凝胶的溶胀率、PH敏感性和各因素对羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶溶胀性能的影响，如羧甲基壳聚糖脱乙酰度对水凝胶溶胀率的影响、交联剂的浓度对水凝胶溶胀率的影响，并以水杨酸为模型药物进行了释药性能研究。实验结果表明羧甲基壳聚糖的脱乙酰度、交联剂用量对水凝胶溶胀率的影响较大。PH=3.0时,水凝胶收缩,而PH=1.0 ,5.0 ,7.4 ,9.0时 ,水凝胶溶胀,且在碱性条件下水凝胶的溶胀率远大于酸性条件下的溶胀率。包埋在此水凝胶中的水杨酸释放随载药介质的PH值和水凝胶半径大小的变化而显著不同,PH=1.0条件下载药的水凝胶的释药率大于PH=7.4 ,12.0条件下的释药率 ,且水凝胶的半径越大 ,释药速度和释药率也越大。 关键词：羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶 , 溶胀率 , 水杨酸 , 控制释放 Title:Carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels in the application of drug control Abstract： Hydrogels based on carboxymethyl chitosan(CMCTS) were synthesized by using glutaraldehyde as cross-link agenl. Focus on the swelling rate, pH-sensitivity and various factors on swelling properties of carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel,such as the effects of the degree of deacetylation of CMCTS on the swelling behaviors of hydrogels, the effects of crosslinker concentration on the swelling behaviors of hydrogels ,and salicylic acid as a model for the release of drug have been studied.The results show that the two factors related above regulate their swelling behavior.At PH=3.0,the hydmgel shfinked most while swelled at PH=1.0,5.0,7.4,9.0.In general the swelling ratio(SR) of this hydrogel in alkaline solution is much larger than that in acidic solution.The release behavior of salicylic acid(SA) entrapped in the hydrogels was of distinctly difference with the changes of PH value of loading medium and the semidiameter of the hydrogels.The release of salicylic acid in CMCT hydmgel in the mediumof PH=1.0 was much quicker in PH=7.4,12.0,and the release speed and release ratioincrease with the particalsize. Keywords:carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels,swelling rate,salicylic acid, controlled release 目 录 1.文献综述1 1.1引言1 1.2壳聚糖1 1.3甲壳素/壳聚糖及其衍生物的制备研究2 1.3.1甲壳素的制备3 1.3.2壳聚糖的制备3 1.3.3壳聚糖衍生物的制备4 1.4.壳聚糖在生物医药中的应用5 1.5羧甲基壳聚糖的功能性质与结构关系8 1.5.1取代基团特性8 1.5.2取代位置8 1.5.3取代程度（Degree of substitute,DS）8 1.5.4取代分布9 1.5.5聚合度及其分布9 1.6羧甲基壳聚糖的制备9 l.6.1 N，O-羧甲基壳聚糖的制备9 1.6.2羧甲基壳聚糖的水溶液性质10 1.6.3羧甲基壳聚糖的应用11 1.7水凝胶14 1.7.1水凝胶的分类15 1.7.2高分子水凝胶的制备15 1.7.3水凝胶的应用16 1.8本课题的意义和创新点：18 1.8.1 选题的意义18 1.8.2 创新点18 2.实验部分20 2.1试剂和仪器20 2.2羧甲基壳聚糖的制备20 2.3羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶( CMCTH)的合成21 2.4水凝胶溶胀率的测定22 2.5水凝胶结构表征22 2.6羧甲基壳聚糖脱乙酰度对水凝胶溶胀率的影响23 2.7交联剂的浓度对羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶溶胀率的影响23 2.8水杨酸的吸附与释放23 3. 结果与讨论24 3.1羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶溶胀动力学24 3.2羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶的PH敏感性24 3.3羧甲基壳聚糖脱乙酰度对水凝胶溶胀率的影响25 3.4交联剂的浓度对羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶溶胀率的影响26 3.5水杨酸在该水凝胶中的吸附和释放研究27 3.5.1不同PH下水杨酸的控制释放27 3.5.2水凝胶的半径大小对于该控制释放体系的影响28 3.6红外表征29 4. 结论30 致 谢31 参考文献32
