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  • 生产和运营管理学科概览

    生产和运营管理专业概述生产和运营管理的定义生产和运营管理就是对运营过程的计划、组织、实施和控制,是与产品生产和服务创造密切相关的各项管理工作的总称。从另一个角度来讲,运营管理也可以指为对生产和提供公司主要的产品和服务的系统进行设计、运行、评价和改进。在当今社会,不断发展的生产力使得大量生产要素转移到商业、交通运输、房地产、通讯、公共事业、保险、金融和其他服务性行业和领域,传统的有形产品生产的概念已经不能反映和概括服务业所表现出来的生产形式。因此,随着服务业的兴起,生产的概念进一步扩展,逐步容纳了非制造的服务业领域,不仅包括了有形产品的制造,而且包括了无形服务的提供。实施有效的运营管理越来越重要。面对全球性的竞争压力,企业管理人员迫切需要对运营管理的一些基本关系和概念有深刻的了解,更重要的是,他们必须知道如何运用这一知识来最大程度地提高质量和生产率。现代管理理论认为,企业管理按职能分工,其中最基本的也是最主要的职能是财务会计、技术、生产运营、市场营销和人力资源管理。这五项职能既是独立的又是相互依赖的,正是这种相互依赖和配合才能实现企业的经营目标。企业的经营活动是这五大职能有机联系的一个循环往复的过程,企业为了达到自身的经营目的,上述五大职能缺一不可。生产和运营管理的对象生产和运营管理的对象是运营过程和运营系统。运营过程是一个投入、转换、产出的过程,是一个劳动过程或价值增值的过程,它是运营的第一大对象,运营必须考虑如何对这样的生产运营活动进行计划、组织和控制。运营系统是指上述变换过程得以实现的手段。它的构成与变换过程中的物质转换过程和管理过程相对应,包括一个物质系统和一个管理系统。生产和运营管理的目标企业运营管理要控制的主要目标是质量,成本,时间和柔性(灵活性/弹性/敏捷性),它们是企业竞争力的根本源泉。因此,运营管理在企业经营中具有重要的作用。特别是近二三十年来,现代企业的生产经营规模不断扩大,产品本身的技术和知识密集程度不断提高,产品的生产和服务过程日趋复杂,市场需求日益多样化、多变化,世界范围内的竞争日益激烈,这些因素使运营管理本身也在不断发生变化。尤其是近十几年来,随着信息技术突飞猛进的发展,为运营增添了新的有力手段,也使运营学的研究进入了一个新阶段,使其内容更加丰富,范围更加扩大,体系更加完整。生产和运营管理的范围现代运营管理涵盖的范围越来越大。现代运营的范围已从传统的制造业企业扩大到非制造业。其研究内容也已不局限于生产过程的计划、组织与控制,而是扩大到包括运营战略的制定、运营系统设计以及运营系统运行等多个层次的内容。把运营战略、新产品开发、产品设计、采购供应、生产制造、产品配送直至售后服务看作一个完整的“价值链”,对其进行集成管理。信息技术已成为运营管理的重要手段。由信息技术引起的一系列管理模式和管理方法上的变革,成为运营的重要研究内容。近30年来出现的计算机辅助设计(CAD)、计算机辅助制造(CAM)、计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)、物料需求计划(MRP)、制造资源计划(MRPII)以及企业资源计划(ERP)等,在企业生产运营中得到广泛应用。生产和运营管理的全球化随着全球经济一体化趋势的加剧,“全球化运营”成为现代企业运营的一个重要课题,因此,全球化运营也越来越成为运营学的一个新热点。运营系统的柔性化。生产运营的多样化和高效率是相矛盾的,因此,在生产运营多样化前提下,努力搞好专业化生产运营,实现多样化和专业化的有机统一,也是现代运营追求的方向。做到这一点,现代运营实践中努力推广柔性运营系统。例如,产品设计中的并行工程、快速原型法、虚拟制造技术、CAD/CAM技术、模块化技术等,产品制造中的数控机床、柔性制造单元、成组技术等。供应链管理成为运营管理的重要内容。企业开始致力于整个供应链上物流、信息流和资金流的合理化和优化,与供应链上的企业结成联盟,以应对日趋激烈的市场竞争。国内几乎没有生产和运营管理专业,所以不存在课程体系和学科排名问题;但美国等发达国家有相关专业设置,比如美国大学生产和运营管理专业研究生排名情况如下:1MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(Sloan)Cambridge,MA2CarnegieMellonUniversity(Tepper)Pittsburgh,PA3UniversityofPennsylvania(Wharton)Philadelphia,PA4StanfordUniversityStanford,CA5UniversityofMichiganAnnArbor(Ross)AnnArbor,MI6NorthwesternUniversity(Kellogg)Evanston,IL6PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette(Krannert)WestLafayette,IN8HarvardUniversityBoston,MA9ColumbiaUniversityNewYork,NY10IndianaUniversity,Bloomington(Kelley)Bloomington,IN11OhioStateUniversity(Fisher)Columbus,OH11UniversityofCaliforniaLosAngeles(Anderson)LosAngeles,CA13GeorgiaInstituteofTechnologyAtlanta,GA14TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill(Kenan-Flagler)ChapelHill,NC14TheUniversityofTexasatAustin(McCombs)Austin,TX16DukeUniversity(Fuqua)Durham,NC16NewYorkUniversity(Stern)NewYork,NY16UniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley(Haas)Berkeley,CA19CornellUniversity(Johnson)Ithaca,NY19TheUniversityofChicago(Booth)Chicago,IL19UniversityofMinnesotaTwinCities(Carlson)Minneapolis,MN22UniversityofSouthernCalifornia(Marshall)LosAngeles,CA23DartmouthCollege(Tuck)Hanover,NH23UniversityofMarylandCollegePark(Smith)CollegePark,MD

  • 质量监控(运营管理第七部分,英文)

    质量监控(运营管理第七部分,英文)I.IntroductionII.QualityinHistoricalPerspectiveIII.QualityManagementasaStrategicIssueIV.QualityManagementLeadershipV.DefinitionsofQualityVI.QualityRelatedProductCharacteristicsVII.QualityRelatedServiceCharacteristicsVIII.CostsofQualityIX.TotalQualityManagementX.BusinessProcessReengineering

  • 远期规划和资源分配(运营管理第六部分,英文)

    远期规划和资源分配(运营管理第六部分,英文)I.IntroductionII.AnOverviewofCapacityPlanningIII.CapacityStrategies IV.MakingCapacityPlanningDecisionsV.OverviewofLocationDecisions

  • 【专题】绿色理念之于生产和运营管理

    绿色消费、绿色设计、清洁生产……环境保护的理念已经逐步深入到社会的每一个领域,并从幕后走向前台!绿色设计要求企业在产品整个生命周期内,着重考虑产品对自然资源、环境影响,将可拆除性、可回收性、可重复利用性等要素融入到产品设计的各个环节中去。在满足环境要求的同时,兼顾产品应有的基本功能、使用寿命、经济性和质量等。实现绿色设计至少需要满足以下三个方面的要素:绿色设计三要素(1)二次利用要求产品及其零部件和附件外包装能够被反复使用。这就要求设计师在对产品进行设计建模的过程中,零部件结构要尽可能的简单化和标准化,这样,其用料不但少,节约了资源,而且由于是标准件,还可以对其进行回收再利用。制造商应该尽量延长产品的使用期,而不是非常快地更新换代。(2)循环回收要求生产出来的物品在完成其功能后能重新变成可以利用的资源,而不是不可恢复的垃圾。再循环有两种情况,一是原级再循环,即废品被循环用来产生同种类型的新产品;另一种是次级再循环,即将废物资源转化为其他产品的原料。从对这两种循环的定义来看,原级再循环能够更好的节省自然资源,也是绿色设计中提倡的方式。(3)节约资源要求用较少的原料和能源投入来达到既定的生产或消费目的,进而从源头就注意节约资源和减少污染。以上三种原则都着重注意了产品对环境的影响,那么该如何在产品设计中实施运用在绿色设计呢?这其中就包括了许多的方法,重要的有:绿色材料设计、产品绿色结构设计、绿色能耗设计、绿色包装设计、绿色制造过程设计等。为了使大家更好地理解、学习和讨论绿色设计和清洁生产在企业生产和运营中的运用,小编在这里把论坛内相关内容进行归类,以方便大家、节约搜寻成本!相关资讯请看:[轉貼]谈绿色建筑中环保节能技术和质量控制https://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2604819&fromuid=311645[轉貼]采油一厂强化质量计量基础提升管理水平为绿色、数字、示范油田奠定坚实基础https://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2486323&fromuid=311645[轉貼]建设优化的绿色供应链https://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2215837&fromuid=311645相关资料下载请看:【下载】绿色物流、生态物流、循环物流https://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=678530&fromuid=311645绿色和可持续经济发展高级分析:供应链模式和金融技术[英文版]https://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1600780&fromuid=311645日本理光株式会社绿色采购标准https://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=232903&fromuid=311645绿色供应链绝好文章全免费https://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=972677&fromuid=311645[分享]企业实施绿色供应链管理的SWOT分析https://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=464008&fromuid=311645北京绿色电力项目https://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=670597&fromuid=311645二氧化碳国别排放账户:应对气候变化和实现绿色增长的治理框架https://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1421246&fromuid=311645[下载]世界经济论坛:绿色投资报告(GreenInvestingReport)https://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=417046&fromuid=311645当然,绿色理念也可能成为贸易壁垒的来源:绿色贸易壁垒对中国农产品出口影响分析及对策https://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=947885&fromuid=311645

  • 上海交通大学生产运营管理高级研修班

    模块课程设置一、运营战略模块企业战略管理与竞争优势运营管理的战略、流程与执行力二、成本管控模块财务报表解读与财务管理工厂精益成本分析与控制分析三、精益管理模块生产计划管理与物料控制精益现场管理——5S与TPM管理精益现场管理——质量竞争与全面质量管理四、团队领导模块管理心理学管理创新与企业家精神五延伸服务独特的办学方式★强大师资阵容:知名教授、跨国公司高管、企业实战专家等组成专家智囊团,课堂授课、现场案例分析,创新性理念传授,获益系统、实用、有效的方法指导。★丰富的授课方式:课堂讲座、小组讨论、案例评析、特邀嘉宾演讲、标杆考察、沙龙、论坛等多种学习方式贯穿始终,以启迪学员进行深入的思考。★庞大人脉平台:与制造业的成功人士共同研讨,拉近每一位学员的距离,结识近千名行业校友,定期组织学员专题活动,与历届学友交流,创造相互合作的平台。★独设现场参观与诊断:提前了解学员需求,培训与咨询结合,解决企业个性化问题。★高增值后续服务:录入交大校友档案,分享百年名校殊荣,后续追踪服务,智囊团现场指导具体应用。学员对象、时间、方式1.学员对象:制造企业总经理、副总经理、厂长、生产总监、生产经理、大企业车间主任及其他企业培养对象。从事相关管理工作3年以上,大专以上学历(实践经验丰富者可适当放宽入学资格)2.开学日期:2011年9月中旬开班,2012年4月中旬结业。3.学习期限:8个月,每月集中2天(开学后一个月内,明确团队活动和参观企业后确定课程表)。4.学习地点:上海交通大学徐汇校区、凯旋路校区。5.课程费用:15800元/人。(包括培训费、资料费、上课期间午餐费、结业联谊聚餐费、参观考察、证书审批与制作等费用),其它团队活动参加者费用自理,学校协助班委安排。学业认证完成全部课程并通过相关考核者,可获得《上海交通大学生产运营管理高级研修班》结业证书,结业证书在上海交通大学归档注册。报名程序1、填写以下回执并传真至021-62933080或直接拨打招生电话咨询并索取报名表;2、经我院审核合格后,相关老师会与您取得联系并发放《入学通知书》;3、学员依据《入学通知书》的相关要求交纳培训费以及准备报到材料;4、按时参加学习。联系电话主办方:上海交通大学继续教育学院CE培训中心电话:021-629337186293372762933292联系人:付老师梅老师倪老师传真:62933080

  • 生产和运营管理专业期刊介绍——MSOM, Spring 2012

    MSOM,Spring2012CapacityPlanningintheSemiconductorIndustry:Dual-ModeProcurementwithOptionsTohelpafirmreduceinefficienciesassociatedwithequipmentcapacityplanning,weproposeadual-modeequipmentprocurement(DMEP)framework.DMEPcombinesdual-source(i.e.,aless-expensive-but-slowerbasemodeandafaster-but-more-expensiveflexiblemode)procurementwithoptioncontractsinthreelayers:acontractnegotiationlayer,wherethefirmchoosesthebestcombinationofleadtimeandpriceforeachmodefromthesupplycontractmenu;acapacityreservationlayer,wherethefirmreservestotalequipmentprocurementquantitiesfromthetwosupplymodesbeforetheplanninghorizonstarts;andanexecutionlayer,wherethefirmordersequipmentfromthetwosupplymodesbasedontheupdateddemandinformation.Wefirstinvestigatetheexecutionlayerasadynamicdual-sourcecapacityexpansionproblemwithdemandbacklogginganddemonstratethattheoptimalpolicylacksstructureevenunderthesimplestsetting.Thus,weproposeaheuristicsolutionfortheexecution-layerproblem,whichalsoservesasabuildingblockfortheothertwolayers.Throughnumericalanalysis,wequantifythevalueoftheaddedflexibilityofDMEPforthefirm.TheDMEPframeworkhasbeenimplementedatIntelCorporationandhasresultedinsavingsoftensofmillionsofdollarsforoneprocesstechnology.OperationalComplianceLevers,EnvironmentalPerformance,andFirmPerformanceUnderCapandTradeRegulationCapandtradeprogramsimposelimitsonindustryemissionsbutofferindividualfirmstheflexibilitytochooseamongdifferentoperationalleverstowardcompliance,includinginputs,processchanges,andtheuseofallowancestoaccountforemissions.Inthispaper,weexaminetherelationshipsamong(1)leversforcompliance(at-sourcepollutionprevention,end-of-pipepollutioncontrol,andtheuseofallowances);(2)environmentalperformance;and(3)firmmarketperformanceforthecontextofstringentcapandtraderegulationwithallowancegrandfathering(i.e.,theallocationofallowancesforfree).Toinvestigatetheserelationships,weusedataonpubliclytradedutilityfirmsoperatingcoal-firedgeneratingunitsregulatedbytheU.S.AcidRainProgramfromthreeprincipalsources:theU.S.EnergyInformationAdministration,theU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,andtheCompustatdatabase.Ourresultsindicateasignificantrelationshipbetweenbetterenvironmentalperformanceandlowerfirmmarketperformanceoveratleastathree-yearperiod.Fromaregulatoryperspective,ourresultsshowanegativeassociationbetweenallowancegrandfatheringandfirmenvironmentalperformance.Overall,byexplicitlyconsideringthecontextofstringentregulation,wefindacounter-exampletotheviewthatbetterenvironmentalperformancegenerallyassociateswithbettereconomicperformance.UsingaDual-SourcingOptioninthePresenceofAsymmetricInformationAboutSupplierReliability:Competitionvs.DiversificationWestudyabuyer'sstrategicuseofadual-sourcingoptionwhenfacingsupplierspossessingprivateinformationabouttheirdisruptionlikelihood.Wesolveforthebuyer'soptimalprocurementcontract.Weshowthattheoptimalcontractcanbeinterpretedasthebuyerchoosingbetweendiversificationandcompetitionbenefits.Betterinformationincreasesdiversificationbenefitsanddecreasescompetitionbenefits.Therefore,withbetterinformationthebuyerismoreinclinedtodiversify.Moreover,betterinformationmayincreaseordecreasethevalueofthedual-sourcingoption,dependingonthebuyer'sunitrevenue:forlargerevenue,thebuyerusesthedualsourcingoptionfordiversification,thebenefitsofwhichincreasewithinformation;forsmallrevenue,thebuyerusesthedualsourcingoptionforcompetition,thebenefitsofwhichdecreasewithinformation.Surprisingly,asthereliabilityoftheentiresupplybasedecreases,thebuyermaystopdiversifyingunderasymmetricinformation(toleveragecompetition),whereasitwouldneverdosoundersymmetricinformation.Finally,weanalyzetheeffectofcodependencebetweensupplydisruptions.Wefindthatlowercodependenceleadsthebuyertorelylessoncompetition.Becausecompetitionkeepstheinformationcostsincheck,areductioninsuppliercodependenceincreasesthebuyer'svalueofinformation.Therefore,strategicactionstoreducecodependencebetweensupplierdisruptionsshouldnotbeseenasasubstituteforlearningaboutsuppliers'reliabilities.AreReservationsRecommended?Weexaminetheroleofreservationsincapacity-constrainedserviceswithafocusonrestaurants.Althoughcustomersvaluereservations,restaurantstypicallyneitherchargeforthemnorimposepenaltiesforfailingtokeepthem.However,reservationsimposecostsonfirmsofferingthem.Weofferanovelmotivationforofferingreservationsthatemphasizesthewayinwhichreservationscanaltercustomerbehavior.Wefocusonamarketinwhichdemandisuncertainandthefirmhaslimitedcapacity.Thereisapositivechancethatthefirmwillnothaveenoughcapacitytoserveallpotentialcustomers.Customersareunabletoobservehowmanypotentialdinersareinthemarketbeforeincurringacosttorequestservice.Hence,ifreservationsarenotoffered,somemaychoosetostayhomeratherthanriskbeingdeniedservice.Thislowersthefirm'ssaleswhenrealizeddemandislow.Reservationsincreasesalesonaslownightbyguaranteeingreservationsholdersservice.However,somereservationholdersmaychoosenottousetheirreservationsresultinginno-shows.Thefirmmustthentradeoffhighersalesinasoftmarketwithsaleslosttono-showsonbusynights.Weconsequentlyevaluatevariousno-showmitigationstrategies,allofwhichservetomakereservationsmorelikelyinequilibrium.Competitionalsomakesreservationsmoreattractive;whentherearemanysmallfirmsinthemarket,reservationsarealwaysoffered.OptimizingOrganicWastetoEnergyOperationsAwaste-to-energyfirmthatrecyclesorganicwastewithenergyrecoveryperformstwoenvironmentallybeneficialfunctions:itdivertswastefromlandfillsanditproducesrenewableenergy.Atthesametime,thewaste-to-energyfirmservesandcollectsrevenuefromtwotypesofcustomers:wastegeneratorswhopayforwastedisposalserviceandelectricityconsumerswhobuyenergy.Giventheprocesscharacteristicsofthewaste-to-energyoperation,themarketcharacteristicsforwastedisposalandenergy,andthemechanismsregulatorsusetoencourageproductionofrenewableenergy,wedeterminetheprofit-maximizingoperatingstrategyofthefirm.Wealsoshowhowregulatorymechanismsaffecttheoperatingdecisionsofthewaste-to-energyfirm.Ouranalysessuggestthatifthesocialplanner'sobjectiveistomaximizelandfilldiversion,offeringasubsidyasaperkilowatt-hourforelectricityismorecosteffective,whereasiftheobjectiveistomaximizerenewableenergygeneration,givingasubsidyasalumpsumtooffsetcapitalcostsismoreeffective.Thishasdifferentregulatoryimplicationsforurbanandruralsettingswheretheenvironmentalobjectivesmaydiffer.Unit-ContingentPowerPurchaseAgreementandAsymmetricInformationAboutPlantOutageThispaperanalyzesaunit-contingentpowerpurchaseagreementbetweenanelectricitydistributorandapowerplant.Undersuchacontractthedistributorpaystheplantafixedpriceiftheplantisoperationalandnothingifplantoutageoccurs.Pricingaunit-contingentcontractiscomplicatedbythefactthattheplant'struestatusisitsprivateinformation.Thedifferencebetweentheelectricityspotpriceandtheunit-contingentcontractpriceprovidesanincentivefortheplanttomisreportitsstatusandearnprofitatthedistributor'sexpense.Topreventmisreporting,thedistributormayinspecttheplantandlevypenaltiesifmisreportingisdiscovered.Wefindthatsometypeofmisreportingundercertaincircumstancescanbenefitboththeplantandthedistributor,becauseitservesasarisk-allocationmechanismbetweenthetwoparties.Weshowthatsucharisk-allocationmechanismisequivalenttousingstate-contingentoptionsandprohibitingmisreporting.TheImpactofDependentServiceTimesonLarge-ScaleServiceSystemsThispaperinvestigatestheimpactofdependenceamongsuccessiveservicetimesonthetransientandsteady-stateperformanceofalarge-scaleservicesystem.Thisisdonebystudyinganinfinite-serverqueueingmodelwithtime-varyingarrivalrate,exploitingarecentlyestablishedheavy-trafficlimit,allowingdependenceamongtheservicetimes.ThislimitshowsthatthenumberofcustomersinthesystematanytimeisapproximatelyGaussian,wherethetime-varyingmeanisunaffectedbythedependence,butthetime-varyingvarianceisaffectedbythedependence.Asaconsequence,requiredstaffingtomeetcustomaryquality-of-servicetargetsinalarge-scaleservicesystemwithfinitelymanyserversbasedonanormalapproximationisprimarilyaffectedbydependenceamongtheservicetimesthroughthistime-varyingvariance.Thispaperdevelopsformulasandalgorithmstoquantifytheimpactofthedependenceamongtheservicetimesonthatvariance.Theapproximationappliesdirectlytoinfinite-servermodelsbutalsoindirectlytoassociatedfinite-servermodels,exploitingapproximationsbasedonthepeakedness(theratioofthevariancetothemeanintheinfinite-servermodel).Comparisonswithsimulationsconfirmthattheapproximationscanbeusefultoassesstheimpactofthedependence.OptimalAlgorithmsforAssortmentSelectionUnderRanking-BasedConsumerChoiceModelsAretailer'sproductselectiondecisionsarelargelydrivenbyherassumptionsonhowconsumersmakechoices.Weusearanking-basedconsumerchoicemodeltorepresentconsumerpreferences:everycustomerhasarankingofthepotentialproductsinthecategoryandpurchaseshishighestrankedproduct(ifany)offeredintheassortment.Weconsiderfourpracticallymotivatedspecialcasesofthismodel,namely,theone-waysubstitution,thelocationalchoice,theouttree,andtheintreepreferencemodels,andwestudytheretailer'sproductselectionproblemwhenproductshavedifferentpriceandcostparameters.Weassumethattheretailerincursafixedcarryingcostperproductoffered,agoodwillpenaltyforeachcustomerwhodoesnotpurchasehisfirstchoiceandalostsalepenaltyforeachcustomerwhodoesnotfindanacceptableproducttobuy.Forthefirstthreemodels,weobtainefficientsolutionmethodsthatsimplifytoeitherashortestpathmethodoradynamicprogram.Forthefourthmodel,weconstructaneffectivealgorithmandshownumericallythat,inpractice,itismuchfasterthanenumeration.Wealsoobtainvaluableinsightsonthestructureoftheoptimalassortment.In-SeasonTransshipmentsAmongCompetitiveRetailersAdecentralizedsystemofcompetingretailersthatorderandsellthesameproductinasalesseasonisstudied.Whenacustomerdemandoccursatastocked-outretailer,thatretailerrequestsaunittobetransshippedfromanotherretailerwhochargesatransshipmentprice.Ifthisrequestisrejected,theunsatisfiedcustomermaygotoanotherretailerwithacustomeroverflowprobability.Eachretailerdecidesontheinitialorderquantityfromamanufacturerandontheacceptance/rejectionofeachtransshipmentrequest.Fortworetailers,weshowthatretailers'optimaltransshipmentpoliciesaredynamicandcharacterizedbychronologicallynonincreasinginventoryholdbacklevels.Weanalyticallystudythesensitivityofholdbacklevelstoexplaininterestingfindings,suchassmallerretailersandgeographicallydistantretailersbenefitmorefromtransshipments.Numericalexperimentsshowthatretailerssubstantiallybenefitfromusingoptimaltransshipmentpoliciescomparedtonosharing.Theexpectedsalesincreaseinallbutahandfulofover3,000probleminstances.Buildingonthetwo-retaileroptimalpolicies,wesuggestaneffectiveheuristictransshipmentpolicyforamultiretailersystem.ManagingOpportunisticSupplierProductAdulteration:DeferredPayments,Inspection,andCombinedMechanismsRecentcasesofproductadulterationbyforeignsuppliershavecompelledmanymanufacturerstorethinkapproachestodeterringsuppliersfromcuttingcorners,especiallywhenmanufacturerscannotfullymonitorandcontrolthesuppliers'actions.Inthispaper,westudythreemechanismsfordealingwithproductadulterationproblems:(a)thedeferredpaymentmechanism—thebuyerpaysthesupplierafterthedeferredpaymentperiodonlyifnoadulterationhasbeendiscoveredbythecustomers;(b)theinspectionmechanism—thebuyerpaysthesupplierimmediately,contingentonproductpassingtheinspection;and(c)thecombinedmechanism—acombinationofthedeferredpaymentandinspectionmechanisms.Weshowthattheinspectionmechanismcannotcompletelydeterthesuppliersfromproductadulteration,whereasthedeferredpaymentmechanismcan.Surprisingly,thecombinedmechanismisredundant:eithertheinspectionorthedeferredpaymentmechanismsperformjustaswell.Finally,weidentifyfourfactorsthatdeterminethedominanceofdeferredpaymentmechanismovertheinspectionmechanism:(a)theinspectioncostrelativetoinspectionaccuracy,(b)thebuyer'sliabilityforadulteratedproducts,(c)thedifferenceinfinancingratesforthebuyerandthesupplierrelativetothedefectsdiscoveryratebycustomers,and(d)thedifferenceinproductioncostsforadulteratedandunadulteratedproduct.Wefindthatthedeferredpaymentmechanismispreferabletoinspectionifthethreatsofadulteration(eitherincentivetoadulterateortheconsequences)arelow.KeyFactorsintheMarketforRemanufacturedProductsMeasurestoextendtheeconomiclivesofproducts—suchasremanufacturingcarriedoutbyclosed-loopsupplychains—arereceivingincreasedattentionbecauseofvariouseconomicandregulatoryfactors.Inthispaper,weexaminedriversofpricedifferentialsbetweennewandremanufacturedproductsusingdataonpurchasesmadeoneBay.Ouranalysisshowsthatsellerreputationsignificantlyexplainsthepricedifferentialsbetweennewandremanufacturedproducts.Wealsofindthatproductsremanufacturedbyoriginalequipmentmanufacturersortheirauthorizedfactoriesarepurchasedatrelativelyhigherpricesthanproductsremanufacturedbythirdparties.However,inthepresenceofthesereputationsignals(sellerreputationandremanufactureridentity),wefindthatstrongerwarrantiesarenotsignificantlyassociatedwithhigherpricespaidforremanufacturedproducts.Ourworkcontributestotheclosed-loopsupplychainresearchstreaminoperationsmanagementbyempiricallyexaminingmarketfactorsthathavenotbeenstudiedbefore.SupplyChainDynamicsandChannelEfficiencyinDurableProductPricingandDistributionThisstudyextendsthesingle-periodverticalpriceinteractioninamanufacturer–retailerdyadtoamultiperiodsetting.Amanufacturerdistributesadurableproductthroughanexclusiveretailertoanexhaustiblepopulationofconsumerswithheterogeneousreservationprices.Ineachperiod,themanufacturerandretailerinturnsetwholesaleandretailprices,respectively,andcustomerswithvaluationabovetheretailpriceadopttheproductataconstant(hazard)rate.Wederivetheopen-loop,feedback,andmyopicequilibriaforthisdynamicpricinggameandcompareittothecentralizedsolution.Althoughinanintegratedsupplychainaforward-lookingdynamicpricingstrategyisalwaysdesirable,weshowthatthisisnotthecaseinadecentralizedsetting,becauseofverticalcompetition.Ourmainresultisthatbothsupplychainentitiesarebetteroffinthelongrunwhentheyignoretheimpactofcurrentpricesonfuturedemandandfocusonimmediate-termprofits.Anumericalstudyconfirmsthatthisinsightisrobustundervarioussupply-anddemand-sideeffects.Weusethechannelefficiencycorrespondingtovariouspricingrulestofurtherderiveinsightsintodecisionsondecentralizationanddisintermediation.

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